SNP-based discrimination of pink salmon stocks of the Sea of Okhotsk basin: resolution of the approach and possible ways to increase it

In this work, we studied the intraspecific polymorphism of pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792), the least genetically explored species among Pacific salmon and one of the central fisheries objects in the Russian Far East. The most urgent task facing Russian fishery science is to determine the proportion of fish from the main reproduction areas in mixed stocks and, based on these data, predict the number of pink salmon returning to these regions for spawning. Due to the unique feature of the species, which evolved into two allochronous lineages, these lineages have been explored independently in parallel. We designed and used here two sets of outlier SNP markers, and this allowed us to reliably distinguish the most northern (Western Kamchatka and the Magadan coast) and the most southern (Iturup Island) regional stocks as well as intermediate stocks from Sakhalin Island and the Mainland coast in both even and odd lineages of pink salmon. In addition, in odd-year lineage, we discovered pronounced genetic differences between early-run and late-run spawners in Sakhalin Island and the proximity of this early spawning form to the mainland stocks. The created baseline covers the main areas of pink salmon reproduction in the Sea of Okhotsk basin and underlies the regional identification of pink salmon in mixed marine stocks

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(caffeinium) hexachloridoplatinum(IV) in comparison with some related compounds

The molecular and crystal structure of the title compound, (C8H11N4O2)2[PtCl6], synthesized from hexachloroplatinic acid and caffeine in methanol, was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The caffeinium cations form a double layer via hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the largest contribution to the crystal packing is made by H...H (31.2%), H...Cl/Cl...H (22.6%), O...H/H...O (21.9%) contacts for the cation and H...Cl/Cl...H (79.3%) contacts for the anion

Sustained pharmacological inhibition of δPKC protects against hypertensive encephalopathy through prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown in rats

Hypertensive encephalopathy is a potentially fatal condition associated with cerebral edema and the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The molecular pathways leading to this condition, however, are unknown. We determined the role of δPKC, which is thought to regulate microvascular permeability, in the development of hypertensive encephalopathy using δV1-1 — a selective peptide inhibitor of δPKC. As a model of hypertensive encephalopathy, Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed an 8% high-salt diet from 6 weeks of age and then were infused s.c. with saline, control TAT peptide, or δV1-1 using osmotic minipumps. The mortality rate and the behavioral symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy decreased significantly in the δV1-1–treated group relative to the control-treated group, and BBB permeability was reduced by more than 60%. Treatment with δV1-1 was also associated with decreased δPKC accumulation in capillary endothelial cells and in the endfeet of capillary astrocytes, which suggests decreased microvasculature disruption. Treatment with δV1-1 prevented hypertension-induced tight junction disruption associated with BBB breakdown, which suggests that δPKC may specifically act to dysregulate tight junction components. Together, these results suggest that δPKC plays a role in the development of hypertension-induced encephalopathy and may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of BBB disruption

The karyotypes and chromosome idiograms of species from sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>Inverted DAPI/C-banding pattern (grey). Chromosomes are numbered according to their sizes. Localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA revealed by FISH (coloured).</p

The UPGMA dendrogram of genomic relationships between species within sect. <i>Syllinum</i> and RAPD spectra obtained with POA10 and POY02 primers.

<p>“ind”—DNA obtained from individual plant; “sum”—bulk DNA obtained from ten individual plants.</p

Chromosome spreads of different species of sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>C-banding pattern of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A). Metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>campanulatum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes having two (B) and five (C) B-chromosomes. A metaphase plate of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes (D). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with co-localized 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA loci; arrowheads point to chromosomes with 5S rDNA loci (red). Different morphological types of B-chromosomes (E). CMA staining of prometaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> (F). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with two bright CMA bands revealed in the heterochromatic regions adjacent to NOR. DAPI (blue) and CMA (green) staining patterns of <i>B</i>-chromosomes at different stages of methaphase (G). CMA stained interphase nuclei of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> with (H) and without (I) B-chromosomes. Arrows point to small chromocenters formed by NORs. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

The structural similarities between different chromosome pairs.

<p>Putative homeologous chromosome pairs in karyotypes of 28-chromosomal species (A). Chromosome pairs of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> and 28-chromosomal species (B) similar in DAPI/C-banding pattern and localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA.</p

AgNOR staining and localization of telomeric repeats.

<p>AgNOR staining.of metaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (C). Superposition of AgNOR (dark) and DAPI staining (blue) of the same metaphase plates (B, D). Localization of telomeric repeats (green) on metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (E) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (G) revealed by FISH. Inverted DAPI staining (grey) of the same metaphase plates (F, H). Arrows point to intercalary loci of telomere repeats on chromosomes 3 of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i>. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

The Diversity of Karyotypes and Genomes within Section <i>Syllinum</i> of the Genus <i>Linum</i> (Linaceae) Revealed by Molecular Cytogenetic Markers and RAPD Analysis

<div><p>The wide variation in chromosome number found in species of the genus <i>Linum</i> (2n = 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 42, 72, 84) indicates that chromosomal mutations have played an important role in the speciation of this taxon. To contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity and species relationships in this genus, comparative studies of karyotypes and genomes of species within section <i>Syllinum</i> Griseb. (2n = 26, 28) were carried out. Elongated with 9-aminoacridine chromosomes of 10 species of section <i>Syllinum</i> were investigated by C- and DAPI/С-banding, CMA and Ag-NOR-staining, FISH with probes of rDNA and of telomere repeats. RAPD analysis was also performed. All the chromosome pairs in karyotypes of the studied species were identified. Chromosome DAPI/C-banding patterns of 28-chromosomal species were highly similar. Two of the species differed from the others in chromosomal location of rDNA sites. B chromosomes were revealed in all the 28-chromosomal species. Chromosomes of <i>Linum nodiflorum</i> L. (2n = 26) and the 28-chromosomal species were similar in DAPI/C-banding pattern and localization of several rDNA sites, but they differed in chromosomal size and number. The karyotype of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> was characterized by an intercalary site of telomere repeat, one additional 26S rDNA site and also by the absence of B chromosomes. Structural similarities between different chromosome pairs in karyotypes of the studied species were found indicating their tetraploid origin. RAPD analysis did not distinguish the species except <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i>. The species of section <i>Syllinum</i> probably originated from a common tetraploid ancestor. The 28-chromosomal species were closely related, but <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> diverged significantly from the rest of the species probably due to chromosomal rearrangements occurring during evolution.</p></div