Nano-confined synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous carbon and its performance as electrode material for electrochemical behavior of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon (MC) has been synthesized from sucrose, a non-toxic and costeffective source of carbon. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) were used to characterize the MC. The XRD patterns show the formation of highly ordered mesoporous structures of SBA15 and mesoporous carbon. The N2 adsorptiondesorption isotherms suggest that the MC exhibits a narrow pore-size distribution with high surface area of 1559 m2/g. The potential application of MC as a novel electrode material was investigated using cyclic voltammetry for riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine. MC-modified glassy carbon electrode (MC/GC) shows increase in peak current compared to GC electrode in potassium ferricyanide which clearly suggest that MC/GC possesses larger electrode area (1.8 fold) compared with bare GC electrode. The electrocatalytic behavior of MC/GC was investigated towards the oxidation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine using cyclic voltammetry which show larger oxidation current compared to unmodified electrode and thus MC/GC may have the potential to be used as a chemically modified electrode

Nano-confined synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous carbon and its performance as electrode material for electrochemical behavior of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon (MC) has been synthesized from sucrose, a non-toxic and costeffective source of carbon. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) were used to characterize the MC. The XRD patterns show the formation of highly ordered mesoporous structures of SBA15 and mesoporous carbon. The N2 adsorptiondesorption isotherms suggest that the MC exhibits a narrow pore-size distribution with high surface area of 1559 m2/g. The potential application of MC as a novel electrode material was investigated using cyclic voltammetry for riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine. MC-modified glassy carbon electrode (MC/GC) shows increase in peak current compared to GC electrode in potassium ferricyanide which clearly suggest that MC/GC possesses larger electrode area (1.8 fold) compared with bare GC electrode. The electrocatalytic behavior of MC/GC was investigated towards the oxidation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and dopamine using cyclic voltammetry which show larger oxidation current compared to unmodified electrode and thus MC/GC may have the potential to be used as a chemically modified electrode

Nano-hard template synthesis of pure mesoporous NiO and its application for streptavidin protein immobilization

A simple and efficient immobilization of streptavidin protein (with hexa-histidine tag) onto the surface of mesoporous NiO is described. Before immobilization of streptavidin protein (with hexa-histidine tag) onto the surface of mesoporous NiO, we first synthesized well-organized mesoporous NiO by a nanocasting method using mesoporous silica SBA-15 as the hard template. Then, the well-organized mesoporous NiO particles were characterized by small angle x-ray diffraction (XRD), wide angle XRD, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM and small angle XRD suggested the formation of mesoporous NiO materials, whereas the wide angle XRD pattern of mesoporous NiO indicated that the nickel precursor had been transformed into crystalline NiO. The N2 sorption experiments demonstrated that the mesoporous NiO particles had a high surface area of 281 m g, a pore volume of 0.51 cm g and a pore size of 4.8 nm. Next, the immobilization of streptavidin protein (with hexa-histidine tag) onto the surface of mesoporous NiO was studied. Detailed analysis using gel electrophoresis confirmed that this approach can efficiently bind his-tagged streptavidin onto the surface of mesoporous NiO material since the mesoporous NiO provides sufficient surface sites for the binding of streptavidin via non-covalent ligand binding with the histidine tag

CHAPTER 13: Nanostructure-modified electrodes for food sensors

This chapter focuses on nano/mesoporous nanostructures as modified electrodes for the analysis of food. These are of interest due to their narrow and tunable pore size distributions, high surface area, and the ability to introduce various functions into the final framework. These materials can easily be prepared with a variety of porous structures with uniform pore sizes in the mesoporous range, making them more suitable and effective for targeted applications. Extensive research has been carried out recently, focusing on their synthesis and characterization. Various applications have been reported, but recent developments in bioadsorption ability and capacity, separation, color science, determination of contaminants and aqueous stability of these materials have particularly promoted the use of nano/mesoporous nanostructures as electrode materials for food analysis

Development of a new and simple method for the detection of histidine-tagged proteins

To develop a general method for the detection of histidine-tagged proteins, the interactions of the histidine epitope tag of MutH and MutL proteins with the epitope specific monoclonal anti-His antibody were monitored by a label-free direct method using impedance spectroscopy. The immunosensor was fabricated by covalent coupling of the antibody on a conducting polymer coated electrode surface. The impedance of the antibody modified electrode was decreased after binding to the histidine-tagged proteins. The specificity of the sensor was demonstrated by showing that no impedance change was occurred when the sensor was exposed to both of non-tagged MutH and MutL proteins. The specific interaction was further characterized using quartz crystal microbalance studies. Based on impedance measurements, the linear ranges were obtained from 50.0 to 125.0 and 50.0 to 250.0 μg/ml, for His-tag MutH and His-tag MutL proteins, respectively. The detection limits were determined to be 37.8 and 59.1 μg/ml, for His-tag MutH and His-tag MutL proteins, respectively

Surface activation of poly(methyl methacrylate) by plasma treatment: stable antibody immobilization for microfluidic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

With the aim of obtaining stable antibody immobilization on the poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA channel surface, PMMA substrates were activated with O plasma treatment to introduce surface polar groups on it. The plasma-treated PMMA surfaces were characterized using water contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that plasma treatment significantly improved the surface wettability with changing surface chemistry and topography. The strategy of immobilization of a model antibody, anti-goat IgG on plasma-treated PMMA involved two steps. First the plasma-treated PMMA was functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)thriethoxy silane, APTES off-chip which facilitated covalent capturing of antibody via a crosslinking agent in the inner surface of PMMA channel in the second step. The antibody immobilization on plasma-treated PMMA was also confirmed using AFM, XPS, and fluorescence microscopy. The anti-IgG covalently captured on channel surface was evaluated with sandwich ELISA protocol on-chip using fluorescence microscopy. The observed results demonstrate that this technique could be extended to integrate the current diagnostic techniques into the plastic chip for important biomarker diagnosis