Corallimorphus niwa new species (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), New Zealand members of Corallimorphus, and redefinition of Corallimorphidae and its members

The new species of anthozoan Corallimorphus niwa occurs at depths of 926–1773 m in seas around New Zealand. This new species shares with other members of Corallimorphus stiff and hyaline mesoglea, short column relative to its broad oral disc, and deep-sea habitat. It differs from other members of Corallimorphus in having an equal number of marginal and discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in multiple circlets. Groups of Corallimorphus are defined by tentacle array; C. niwa n. sp. characterizes the new niwa group. Two of the other five valid species of Corallimorphus (C. profundus and C. pilatus) constitute the profundus group, members of which have about four times as many marginal as discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in a single circlet; the three members of the rigidus group (C. rigidus, C. denhartogi, and C. ingens) have about twice as many marginal as discal tentacles, the discal tentacles arrayed in multiple circlets. The definition of genus Corallimorphus must be modified to accommodate this species; this also involves synonymizing with one another the other two genera of family Corallimorphidae, Corynactis and Pseudocorynactis. The formal definitions of order Corallimorpharia and family Corallimorphidae are adjusted to be in parallel and hierarchical format

Three new species of shallow water, yellow zoanthids (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea: Epizoanthidae) from southern California, USA, and southern Australia

In southern California and southern Australia, several species of hexacorals that are common at diving depths have been referred to as “Yellow Zoanthids.” We describe three new species of them in the genus Epizoanthus because all have a macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle. Epizoanthus giveni is from southern California, and Epizoanthus karenae and Epizoanthus rodmani are from southern Australia. Distinguishing features of E. giveni n. sp. are a sphincter muscle with alveoli arrayed in a single, longitudinal column, polyps no longer than 8 mm beyond the coenenchyme, obvious scapus ridges numbering 19 or fewer, and mesenteries numbering 36 or fewer. Distinguishing features of E. karenae n. sp. are radiating dark-orange lines on the oral disc (in life), a broad sphincter muscle filling most of the margin distally and transversely stratified proximally, polyps no longer than 12 mm beyond the coenenchyme, obvious scapus ridges numbering 20 or fewer, and mesenteries numbering no more than 40. Distinguishing features of E. rodmani n. sp. are the lack of lines on the oral disc (in life), a sphincter muscle situated in the middle of the mesoglea with alveoli more elliptical than circular in section, polyps no longer than 8 mm beyond the coenenchyme, scapus ridges not obvious, and mesenteries numbering 48 or fewer

Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species

We determined the type species, if any, for the 425 genera of the order Actiniaria and for the 19 genera of order Corallimorpharia. In Actiniaria, 393 genera have a clear type species; 46 generic names are homonyms, 17 of which are senior, 26 of which are junior (six have been replaced), and three are both junior and senior. Of the 18 available genera of Corallimorpharia, there are no junior homonyms, and one senior homonym

Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific

Sea anemones sensu lato (members of cnidarian orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) occurring in water of the northeastern Pacific Ocean greater than 1,000 m (to the abyssal plain) are poorly known. Based on the literature and specimens we examined in the four largest collections of animals from this area, we estimate that approximately 35 species occur in these deep-water habitats and fewer than half have been documented there. Of the largest and most abundant epibenthic species, based on morphology, we identified two species of Corallimorpharia (both previously known) and 12 of Actiniaria (three new). Half the sea anemone species are widely distributed: Actinauge verrillii McMurrich, 1893, Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp., Actinostola faeculenta (McMurrich, 1893), Bathyphellia australis Dunn, 1983, Liponema brevicorne (McMurrich, 1893), Metridium farcimen (Brandt, 1835), and Monactis vestita (Gravier, 1918). The others are known only from the northeastern Pacific Ocean: Corallimorphus pilatus Fautin, White, and Pearson, 2002, Corallimorphus denhartogi Fautin, White, and Pearson, 2002, Anthosactis nomados White, Wakefield Pagels, and Fautin, 1999, Bolocera kensmithi n. sp., Paraphelliactis pabista Dunn, 1982, Sagartiogeton californicus (Carlgren, 1940) (for which we designate a neotype), and Sicyonis careyi n. sp. A naturally occurring oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Oregon is expanding, and the marine life living within its virtually anoxic areas is threatened. Nine of the species we examined occur within the current depth range of the OMZ and may be threatened if the OMZ continues to strengthen and expand

*Anthopleura mariscali*, a new species of sea anemone (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Galápagos Islands

Asterisks (*...*) surround words or phrases that are to be italicized.*Anthopleura mariscali*, a new species of sea anemone (Actiniaria) known only from the intertidal zone of islands in the Galápagos Archipelago, is described and illustrated. The column of a member of *Anthopleura mariscali* is orange to pink, becoming darker distally, and has prominent endocoelic marginal projections, each of which bears an acrorhagus on the oral surface and several verrucae on the adoral surface. Distally, the projections are typically frosted with opaque white patches. Living firmly adherent to the substratum in cracks and crevices, the animal is inconspicuous in life

Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from eastern Australia

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.pensoft.net.We describe a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone, Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., from sites 680-960 m deep in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. An anemone of this genus settles on a gastropod shell inhabited by a hermit crab, then covers and extends the shell to produce a chitinous structure termed a carcinoecium. Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. is symbiotic with the hermit crab Sympagurus trispinosus (Balss, 1911). The nature of marginal sphincter muscle and nematocyst size and distribution distinguish Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. from other species in the genus. The four known species are allopatric, each inhabiting a separate ocean basin of the Indo-west Pacific. We also extend the known range of Stylobates loisetteae in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Western Australia

Syngraph: An application for graphic display and interactive use of synonym lists

Multiple names that refer to a single species (synonyms) and more than one species being referred to by the same name (homonyms) bedevil taxonomy. They produce ambiguity about the entity under discussion. Syngraph is a computer application that organizes information about synonyms and homonyms. It can track different names that potentially have been applied to the same species, or identical names that have been applied to different species. It can create a list of synonyms in conventional format for use in publication, as for a taxonomic monograph. It can also display and print names so they are linked, thereby providing information on the conceptual basis of a name and the action taken in a publication. In the display, each name is imposed on a color-coded rectangle; all names on rectangles of the same color refer to records that stem from a single description. This allows quick visualization of the taxonomic history. When linked to a geographical information system application, the color can be used for points plotted on a map that displays the geographical locality of specimens referred to in each record. This visualization of the geographic distribution of the nominal species can provide tests of the hypothesis that the names are, indeed, synonyms. Syngraph is available for download; help files accompany the executable files

*Neoaiptasia morbilla* new species (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), a sea anemone symbiont of sand-dwelling gastropods on Saipan, Mariana Islands, with comments on some other such associations

Asterisks (*...*) surround words or phrases that are to be italicized.Very small, cryptic specimens of a new species of sea anemone attach to shells of living gastropods that burrow in subtidal sand on the shores of Saipan and Tinian, Mariana Islands. We have found members of the new species, which we describe as *Neoaiptasia morbilla*, on the shells of eight species of snails that belong to five families. We modify slightly the definition of the genus *Neoaiptasia* (family Aiptasiidae) to accomodate this species. *Neoaiptasia morbilla* n.sp. is most easily distinguished when alive by its pale column with minute red spots and symbiosis with a living gastropod. In preservation, it is distinguished by its lack of cinclides, relatively weak musculature, bumps on its column, which is not divide into regions, and details of its cnidae. Specimens of *N. morbilla* n.sp. resemble those of *Paraiptasia radiata* in being symbiotic with snails and living in east Asia, but specimens of *P. radiata* are larger, have prominent longitudinal stripes, and have a column divided into scapus and scapulus. The animal now known as *P. radiata* was originally described as *Actinia radiata*, a name that has been applied to two species of sea anemones from eastern Asia

Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species

We determined the type species, if any, for the 425 genera of the order Actiniaria and for the 19 genera of order Corallimorpharia. In Actiniaria, 393 genera have a clear type species; 46 generic names are homonyms, 17 of which are senior, 26 of which are junior (six have been replaced), and three are both junior and senior. Of the 18 available genera of Corallimorpharia, there are no junior homonyms, and one senior homonym

*Galatheanthemum profundale* (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) in the western Atlantic

Asterisks (*...*) surround words or phrases that are to be italicized.*Galatheanthemum profundale* Carlgren, 1956, is one of two known species of tube-forming sea anemones from abyssal-hadal depths. It was described from the trenches of the western Pacific Ocean, and has been reported from many trenches in the Pacific and at abyssal depths of Antarctica. Here we extend its range to the Atlantic Ocean, based on specimens collected in the Puerto Rico Trench and Virgin Islands Trough. In light of our research, it is likely that previous reports of *Galatheanthemum* sp. from the Atlantic Ocean refer to this species