The cross section of the phantom.

<p>It has circular holes (arrows) to place the radiation dose meter. We evaluated the image quality about display of the circular hole (for placing a radiation dose meter) and the boundary of the image.</p

The schematic diagram of the SD decrease and CNR increase rates by 50% ASiR and MBIR (compared with those by FBP).

<p>As the mA value decreased, MBIR brought about gradually augmented variations in the two parameters, whereas 50% ASiR did not give rise to noticeable variations.</p

The schematic diagram of CTDIvol variations according to the mA value.

<p>CTDIvol decreases as the mA value decreases.</p

The cross section of the phantom.

<p>It has circular holes (arrows) to place the radiation dose meter. We evaluated the image quality about display of the circular hole (for placing a radiation dose meter) and the boundary of the image.</p

Image noise analysis based on the different reconstruction models.

<p>The schematic diagram of SD and CNR variations according to the mA values. All three reconstruction algorithms showed increased noise as the tube current decreased: FBP presented the most noticeable variations, followed by 50% ASiR and then by MBIR; the three models showed decreased CNRs as the tube current decreased, but at the same tube current, MBIR presented the highest CNR, which was followed by 50% ASiR and then by FBP.</p

Demographic characteristics of Experimental and Control group.

<p>Numbers in parentheses indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). P values refer to Fisher's exact test for proportion of females and two-sample t tests for other characteristics.</p><p>Abbreviations: NRS, numerical rating scale.</p><p>Demographic characteristics of Experimental and Control group.</p

The brain activation maps of rACC by on-line analysis in one patient.

<p>Brain activation of rACC during up regulation in the first training run (A1) and last training run (A2). A stronger activation can be seen in last training run, indicating a successful training.</p

Results of off-line ROI analysis and NRS change.

<p>Mean BOLD signal change (Δp) and NRS change during up and down regulation between experimental and control group were compared. The symbol * indicates the difference between the two groups is significant at the 0.05 level. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).</p

Change in BOLD signal of rACC and NRS following neurofeedback training for both group.

<p>Numbers in parentheses indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). P values refer to the two-sample t tests.</p><p>Δp refers to the signal change between the last and first training run of rACC for the experimental group and PCC for the control group.</p><p>Abbreviations: NRS, numerical rating scale.</p><p>Change in BOLD signal of rACC and NRS following neurofeedback training for both group.</p

Design of the rtfMRI neurofeedback experiment.

<p>A) a scrolling line graph representing BOLD activation shown to patients during scanning. They were instructed to increase the line within the green stage, decrease the line within the blue stage, and keep quiet during gray stage. B) Paradigm of the rtfMRI nurofeedback study. The experimental protocol was consisted of a localizer task, rest, rtfMRI neurofeedback training, pain rating and anatomical scan. During a training run, patients underwent rtfMRI neurofeedback training consisted of alternating blocks of Rest (R, gray block), Increase (I, green block), and Decrease (D, blue block), lasting 30, 60, 60 seconds respectively.</p