A Mathematical Model for Solving the Linear Programming Problems Involving Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers via Interval Linear Programming Problems

We define linear programming problems involving trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (LPTra) as the way of linear programming problems involving interval numbers (LPIn). We will discuss the solution concepts of primal and dual linear programming problems involving trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (LPTra) by converting them into two linear programming problems involving interval numbers (LPIn). By introducing new arithmetic operations between interval numbers and fuzzy numbers, we will check that both primal and dual problems have optimal solutions and the two optimal values are equal. Also, both optimal solutions obey the strong duality theorem and complementary slackness theorem. Furthermore, for illustration, some numerical examples are used to demonstrate the correctness and usefulness of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm is flexible, easy, and reasonable

Diversity, phenology and distribution of Termitomyces species in Côte d’Ivoire

The mutualistic symbiosis between termites of the Macrotermitinae subfamily (Isoptera: Termitidae) and fungi of the genus Termitomyces (Basidiomycota: Lyophyllaceae) is of great ecological and socio-economic importance. Seasonal fruit bodies of the symbiotic fungi are regularly collected and sold in Côte d’Ivoire. However, there are very few studies on their diversity, phenology, distribution and especially the socio-economic scope of the fruit bodies of these fungi at a national scale. This study aims at (i) assessing the diversity of Termitomyces fruit bodies in Côte d’Ivoire and (ii) mapping their fructification areas through a determination of their spatiotemporal distribution according to a climatic and phytogeographic gradients. Using ethnomycological surveys all over the Ivorian territory, information was collected from rural populations on the fructification of Termitomyces and their socio-economic importance. Based on these surveys, sampling efforts of these fungi were properly structured and oriented. The results revealed a diversity of 16 species of Termitomyces, including 9 species new to Côte d’Ivoire and 2 probably new to science. Five species were found in the forest zone, nine in theGuinean savannah zone and four in the Sudano-Guinean zone. Termitomyces’s fructifications were observed throughout the year, with specific period for each species. All listed species are regularly consumed by populations. However, only Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) R. Heim and Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim are marketed on a relatively large scale

Jaceosidin: A traditional herbal medicine with its wide range of pharmacological properties

Background: Natural products of therapeutic importance are compounds derived from plants, animals, or any microorganism. Humans have been using natural products for medicinal use for ages. Jaceosidin (JAS), found in plants is used as a food and a traditional medicinal herb. In recent years, several studies noticed that the biological and pharmacological effects of JAS have attracted attention and encouraged us to review its various properties. Objectives: This review focused on the newest scientific reports on JAS and extensively summarizes its pharmacological properties. Methodology: Articles published by authors on JAS were analyzed for the study. Results: JAS is known to play several pharmacological functions such as antimutagenic, angiogenesis, anti-adipogenic, immunosuppressive, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: JAS has many important applications in pharmacology. Although researchers have reported multiple pharmacological applications of this compound, further experimentations covering its effects and mechanisms of action are needed to understand and extend the scope of its application. Keywords: Natural products, Jaceosidin, pharmacological activitie

Abstracts of the 1st International Colloquium in Mine & Society

This book presents the abstracts of the selected contributions to the First International Colloquium on Mines and Society (CIMS) organized by The Higher Institute of Mining and Geology of Boke. The theme of this colloquium was "Mining and Sustainable Development, a major challenge for an Emerging Africa" which aims to bring together teachers, researchers, and Professionals from different backgrounds in order to exchange the results of their research work, share their points of view on the issue of mining and sustainable development. It also aims to define, in a collaborative and inclusive manner, research prospects or future projects between all the actors involved in this field. Colloquium Title: 1st International Colloquium in Mine & SocietyTheme: Mining and Sustainable Development, A Major Challenge for an Emerging AfricaColloquium Date: 20-22 May 2022Colloquium Location: A L’Hôtel Rio Nunez de BokeColloquium Organizer: The Higher Institute of Mining and Geology of Bok

Improving malaria control in West Africa: interruption of transmission as a paradigm shift.

With the paradigm shift from the reduction of morbidity and mortality to the interruption of transmission, the focus of malaria control broadens from symptomatic infections in children ≤5 years of age to include asymptomatic infections in older children and adults. In addition, as control efforts intensify and the number of interventions increases, there will be decreases in prevalence, incidence and transmission with additional decreases in morbidity and mortality. Expected secondary consequences of these changes include upward shifts in the peak ages for infection (parasitemia) and disease, increases in the ages for acquisition of antiparasite humoral and cellular immune responses and increases in false-negative blood smears and rapid diagnostic tests. Strategies to monitor these changes must include: (1) studies of the entire population (that are not restricted to children ≤5 or ≤10 years of age), (2) study sites in both cities and rural areas (because of increasing urbanization across sub-Saharan Africa) and (3) innovative strategies for surveillance as the prevalence of infection decreases and the frequency of false-negative smears and rapid diagnostic tests increases

Sahel, savana, riverine and urban malaria in West Africa: Similar control policies with different outcomes.

The study sites for the West African ICEMR are in three countries (The Gambia, Senegal, Mali) and are located within 750 km of each other. In addition, the National Malaria Control Programmes of these countries have virtually identical policies: (1) Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection, (2) Long-Lasting Insecticide-treated bed Nets (LLINs) to reduce the Entomololgic Inoculation Rate (EIR), and (3) sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the Intermittent Preventive Treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp). However, the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria and the status of malaria control vary markedly across the four sites with differences in the duration of the transmission season (from 4-5 to 10-11 months), the intensity of transmission (with EIRs from unmeasurably low to 4-5 per person per month), multiplicity of infection (from a mean of 1.0 to means of 2-5) and the status of malaria control (from areas which have virtually no control to areas that are at the threshold of malaria elimination). The most important priority is the need to obtain comparable data on the population-based prevalence, incidence and transmission of malaria before new candidate interventions or combinations of interventions are introduced for malaria control