Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people - Fig 4

<p>EEMS analysis of effective migration rates (<i>m</i>) on the Y-STRs (A) and mtDNA-HVR1 (B) datasets. The effective migration rate is represented on a log10 scale represented on the right. Areas showing negative values (orange) represent possible barriers to gene-flow while zones with positive values (blue) correspond to places of increased gene-flow with respect to normal IBD (white).</p

Location of the studied populations and frequencies of the 7 major haplogroups obtained in Northern Thailand.

<p>Location of the studied populations and frequencies of the 7 major haplogroups obtained in Northern Thailand.</p

Samples included in this study and basic indices of genetic diversity.

<p>Samples included in this study and basic indices of genetic diversity.</p

Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people - Fig 3

<p>DAPC analysis on the Y-STR (A) and mtDNA-HVR1 (B) dataset. Scatterplots show three linguistic grouping: TK (red), KM (black) and KM (blue).</p

Posterior probabilities of each model performed by ABC analysis under weighted multinomial logistic regression.

<p>Posterior probabilities of each model performed by ABC analysis under weighted multinomial logistic regression.</p

Proportions of studied characteristics (malaria prevalence, HbE, G6PD deficiency, α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia), by village and ethnic group (A) and by linguistic family (B).

<p>Proportions of studied characteristics (malaria prevalence, HbE, G6PD deficiency, α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia), by village and ethnic group (A) and by linguistic family (B).</p

HbE did not have an inhibitory effect on <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> invasion <i>in vitro</i> or the production of hemozoin.

<p>(A) The percentages of infected red blood cells and (B) the absorbance of hemozoin at 450/750 nm after 96 hours incubation of red blood cells from normal (circles) or HbE (diamonds) participants with <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i>. Each symbol represents each individual participant. Solid lines show the mean with standard deviations of each group.</p

An Updated Phylogeny of the Human Y-Chromosome Lineage O2a-M95 with Novel SNPs

<div><p>Though the Y-chromosome O2a-M95 lineage is one of the major haplogroups present in eastern Asian populations, especially among Austro-Asiatic speaking populations from Southwestern China and mainland Southeast Asia, to date its phylogeny lacks structure due to only one downstream SNP marker (M88) assigned to the lineage. A recent array-capture-based Y chromosome sequencing of Asian samples has yielded a variety of novel SNPs purportedly belonging to the O2a-M95 lineage, but their phylogenetic positions have yet to be determined. In this study, we sampled 646 unrelated males from 22 Austro-Asiatic speaking populations from Cambodia, Thailand and Southwestern China, and genotyped 12 SNP makers among the sampled populations, including 10 of the newly reported markers. Among the 646 males, 343 belonged to the O2a-M95 lineage, confirming the supposed dominance of this Y chromosome lineage in Austro-Asiatic speaking populations. We further characterized the phylogeny of O2a-M95 by defining 5 sub-branches: O2a1*-M95, O2a1a-F789, O2a1b*-F1252, O2a1b1*-M88 and O2a1b1a -F761. This updated phylogeny not only improves the resolution of this lineage, but also allows for greater tracing of the prehistory of human populations in eastern Asia and the Pacific, which may yield novel insights into the patterns of language diversification and population movement in these regions.</p></div

Geographic locations of 22 populations sampled in present study.

<p>The numbers refer to the populations, corresponding to the order of populations in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0101020#pone-0101020-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Updated phylogenetic tree of the human Y-chromosome lineage O2a-M95.

<p>Updated phylogenetic tree of the human Y-chromosome lineage O2a-M95.</p