Research on wave regimes at the Cua Dai estuary, Quang Nam

In coastal area of the Cua Dai estuary - Quang Nam province, the processes of erosion-accretion strongly occur. Over this area, the ocean wave is a dynamical factor that directly affects the coastal areas causing erosion-accretion processes. This paper presents an evaluation of the ocean wave regime impacting the areas of Cua Dai estuary by using the model of MIKE21SW. The purpose of this study is to fully interprete the role of dynamical factor, ocean wave in erosion-accretion processes. The results showed a convergence of ocean waves at the estuary of Cua Dai although it is obstructed by the Cu Lao Cham island in front of the Cua Dai estuary. The northeast and north-northeast waves are mainly prevailing with the frequency of more than 60% in the year

RESEARCH ON NEARSHORE WAVE CONDITIONS AT NHAT LE COASTAL AREA (QUANG BINH PROVINCE) BY USING MIKE21-SW

Research on marine dynamics, including coastal wave motions, is a concern of countries in the world in general and Vietnam in particular. Coastal wave dynamics has a direct impact on human activities including coastal construction, shipping, irrigation, aquatic resources exploitation, etc. The coastal area of Nhat Le, Quang Binh is one of the areas strongly influenced by the coastal wave regime which increases the risk of coastal erosion, estuarine sedimentation, destroys the economic life, affects marine fishing and directly affects the tourist beach area. This article aims to introduce some research results based on the application of MIKE21-SW model of the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) to simulate coastal wave regime in Nhat Le coastal zone, Quang Binh province. The model results are verified by real-time wave data in long-term from the WaMoS® II Radar System at Quang Binh station. The results show that there are many similarities in wave height and direction between the computational model and the actual observation data from the radar system. This result will be an important basis for research and application for coastal protection, reduction in river mouth sedimentation, clearing and flood drainage in the study area

An Analysis of Shoreline Changes Using Combined Multitemporal Remote Sensing and Digital Evaluation Model

Cua Dai estuary belonged to Quang Nam province is considered to be one of the localities of Vietnam having a complex erosion and accretion process. In this area, sandbars are recently observed with lots of arguments about the causes and regimes of formation. This could very likely result of not reliable source of information on shoreline evolution and a lack of historical monitoring data. Accurately identification of shoreline positions over a given period of time is a key to quantitatively and accurately assessing the beach erosion and accretion. The study is therefore to propose an innovative method of accurately shoreline positions for an analysis of coastal erosion and accretion in the Cua Dai estuary. The proposed technology of multitemporal remote sensing and digital evaluation model with tidal correction are used to analyse the changes in shoreline and estimate the rate of erosion and accretion. An empirical formula is, especially, exposed to fully interpret the shoreline evolution for multiple scales based on a limitation of satellite images during 1965 to 2018. The results show that there is a significant difference of shoreline shift between corrections and non-corrections of tidal. Erosion process tends to be recorded in the Cua Dai cape located in the Cua Dai ward, especially in the An Luong cape located in the Duy Hai commune with the length of 1050 m. Furthermore, it is observed that there is much stronger erosion in the north side compared with south side of Cua Dai estuary

Assessment of spatio-temporal trends of satellite-based aerosol optical depth using Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator model

Aerosols are an inextricably linked component of the atmosphere. Nowadays the study of aerosols has attracted the attention of the world community due to the increasing concerns over air pollution and climate change. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is the measure of aerosols distributed within the atmospheric column from the Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere. This study was conducted to examine the trend in AOD between latitudes 22° and 24.62° N, and longitudes 83.26° and 87.01° E, covering the entire part of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen's slope estimator model were used to examining the trend over 18years (period: 2000-2017) AOD data obtained from satellite-based sensor namely MODIS. The highest AOD was observed in the north-eastern part, while the lowest was observed in the state's southwestern part. The mean relative percentage change (RPC) analysis showed that the AOD increased from 20 to 60%. Jharkhand State comprises various sub-regions; all the sub-regions, including major cities, have shown a remarkable positive trend. In particular, Dhanbad, Sahibganj, Chaibasa, Jamshedpur, Ranchi, and Hazaribagh demonstrate statistically significant positive trends (99% confidence level). It was observed that the highest positive trend (0.1228) and the lowest negative trend (—0.02587) were in Sahibganj and Gumla districts, respectively. This study revealed a statistically robust significant correlated pattern of AOD with the variability of meteorological factors

Assessing the Effects of Land-Use Types in Surface Urban Heat Islands for Developing Comfortable Living in Hanoi City

Hanoi City of Vietnam changes quickly, especially after its state implemented its Master Plan 2030 for the city’s sustainable development in 2011. Then, a number of environmental issues are brought up in response to the master plan’s implementation. Among the issues, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect that tends to cause negative impacts on people’s heath becomes one major problem for exploitation to seek for mitigation solutions. In this paper, we investigate the land surface thermal signatures among different land-use types in Hanoi. The surface UHI (SUHI) that characterizes the consequences of the UHI effect is also studied and quantified. Note that our SUHI is defined as the magnitude of temperature differentials between any two land-use types (a more general way than that typically proposed in the literature), including urban and suburban. Relationships between main land-use types in terms of composition, percentage coverage, surface temperature, and SUHI in inner Hanoi in the recent two years 2016 and 2017, were proposed and examined. High correlations were found between the percentage coverage of the land-use types and the land surface temperature (LST). Then, a regression model for estimating the intensity of SUHI from the Landsat 8 imagery was derived, through analyzing the correlation between land-use composition and LST for the year 2017. The model was validated successfully for the prediction of the SUHI for another hot day in 2016. For example, the transformation of a chosen area of 161 ha (1.61 km2) from vegetation to built-up between two years, 2016 and 2017, can result in enhanced thermal contrast by 3.3 °C. The function of the vegetation to lower the LST in a hot environment is evident. The results of this study suggest that the newly developed model provides an opportunity for urban planners and designers to develop measures for adjusting the LST, and for mitigating the consequent effects of UHIs by managing the land use composition and percentage coverage of the individual land-use type

A Hybrid Approach Using GIS-Based Fuzzy AHP–TOPSIS Assessing Flood Hazards along the South-Central Coast of Vietnam

Flood hazards affect the local economy and the livelihood of residents along the South-Central Coast of Vietnam. Understanding the factors influencing floods’ occurrence potentially contributes to establish mitigation responses to the hazards. This paper deals with an empirical study on applying a combination of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and a geographic information system (GIS) to assess flood hazards along the South-Central Coast of Vietnam. Data are collected from focus group discussions (FGDs) with five communal authorities; a questionnaire completed by eight hamlet heads in the Phuoc Thang commune (Binh Dinh province); and documents, reports, and thematic maps provided from official sources. A total of 12 maps of flood factors are prepared. The results show that terrain elevation, creek-bottom terrains, high tide-induced flooding area, and distance to water body are the main factors affecting flood hazards. The An Loi hamlet faces the highest risk for floods, followed by Lac Dien, Luong Binh, and Pho Dong. The map of flood hazards indicates the western part is assessed as low hazard, whereas the eastern part is a very high hazard area. The study findings show that the hybrid approach using GIS-based fuzzy AHP–TOPSIS allows connecting decision makers with the influencing factors of flooding. To mitigate floods, both the Vietnam national government and the Binh Dinh provincial government should integrate natural hazard mitigation into socio-economic development policies

Integrated Exploitation of Rainwater and Groundwater: A Strategy for Water Self-Sufficiency in Ca Mau Province of the Mekong Delta

Groundwater sources have been exploited excessively for numerous purposes worldwide, leading to increasingly severe depletion. However, the replenishment of groundwater sources has not usually been a focus in economically and socially underdeveloped countries and regions. In coastal provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), rural areas are facing difficulties in accessing fresh water due to shortages from the water supply plant and excessive use of groundwater, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable development solutions. Our study first conducted interviews with 200 households in Ca Mau Province of the VMD to identify the current situation and the challenges and obstacles of rainwater harvesting and to find sustainable and proactive solutions. We then analyzed daily rainfall data from 10 meteorological stations to construct four scenarios of the water balance method: (i) potential rainwater harvesting based on existing roof area; (ii) optimal scale of storage tank and catchments for different levels of water usage; (iii) tank scale utilizing rainwater entirely during the rainy season and basic needs during the dry season; and (iv) integrated water supply between rain and groundwater. The results showed that using rainwater entirely for domestic water supply requires large storage tank capacities, making these scenarios difficult to achieve in the near future. Our research introduces a novel integrated water supply approach to storing rain and groundwater that has demonstrated high effectiveness and sustainability. With existing tank capacities (0.8 m3 per person), rainwater could only meet over 48% (14 m3 per year) of the water demand while requiring 14.8 m3 of additional groundwater extraction. With a tank capacity of 2.4 m3 per person, ensuring rainwater harvesting meets basic demand, harvested rainwater could satisfy 64% of the demand, with artificial groundwater supplementation exceeding 1.79 times the required extraction, while excess rainwater discharge into the environment would be minimal. Our research results not only provide potential solutions for rainwater and groundwater collection to supplement sustainable domestic water sources for Ca Mau but also serve as an example for similar regions globally

Assessment of Rainfall Distributions and Characteristics in Coastal Provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta under Climate Change and ENSO Processes

Rainwater is considered a promising alternative water source for coastal areas where freshwater resources are increasingly under pressure. This study evaluates rain regime characteristics that influence the ability to exploit rainwater in the coastal provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). In particular, it considers the impact of climate change and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes. We analyzed rainfall data from 102 monitoring stations across the VMD from 1989 to 2017. Using statistical methods, we explored (1) characteristics of the rainy season, including the dates of onset and cessation and season length; (2) average rainfall volumes; and (3) the maximum number of consecutive nonrainy days during the rainy season and over the year. We also analyzed changes in these characteristics over time, in parallel with ENSO processes and climate change. Trend lines were determined using nonparametric methods, utilizing Sen’s slope estimation and the Mann–Kendall test. Results showed a tendency for the rainy season to start earlier and end later in the western coastal zone of the study area, with season length gradually decreasing towards the East Sea and inland. The shortest rainy season was found in the estuary zone (in the northeast of the VMD). Rainfall was abundant on the west coast, again diminishing gradually towards the East Sea and inland. Rain was also quite plentiful during four dry season observation months in the study area, but it lacked the predictability needed for effective exploitation. The number of consecutive days without rain averaged 96 annually, with a difference of 29 days between the largest and smallest observations. The difference between the provinces with the longest and shortest periods without rain averaged 41 days. Although the impact of climate change on the rain regime is complex, we can say that the rainy season now tends to start earlier, end later, and be lengthier, though without exhibiting clear trends. ENSO processes significantly impacted rainfall regime characteristics, especially the dates of onset and cessation, and season length