Tetra­imidazolium piperazinediium bis­(benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxyl­ate) dihydrate

During the crystallization of the title compound, 4C3H5N2 +·C4H12N2 +·2C9H3O6 3−·2H2O, the acidic protons were transferred to the imidazole and piperazine N atoms, forming the final 4:1:2:2 hydrated mixed salt. The mean planes of the three carboxyl­ate groups in the anion are twisted with respect to the the central benzene ring, making dihedral angles of 13.5 (1), 14.5 (1) and 16.9 (1)°. In the crystal, the component ions are linked into a three-dimensional network by a combination of inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Further stabilization is provided by π-π stacking inter­actions with centroid–centroid distances of 3.393 (2) Å and weak C=O⋯π inter­actions [O–centroid = 3.363 (2) Å]

Vietnam’s healthcare system decentralization : how well does it respond to global health crises such as COVID-19 pandemic?

This article discussed Vietnam’s ongoing efforts to decentralize the health system and its fitness to respond to global health crises as presented through the Covid-19 pandemic. We used a general review and expert’s perspective to explore the topic. We found that the healthcare system in Vietnam continued to decentralize from a pyramid to a wheel model. This system shifts away from a stratified technical hierarchy of higher- and lower-level health units (pyramid model) to a system in which quality healthcare is equally expected among all health units (wheel model). This decentralization has delivered more quality healthcare facilities, greater freedom for patients to choose services at any level, a more competitive environment among hospitals to improve quality, and reductions in excess capacity burden at higher levels. It has also enabled the transformation from a patient-based traditional healthcare model into a patient-centered care system. However, this decentralization takes time and requires long-term political, financial commitment, and a working partnership among key stakeholders. This perspective provides Vietnam’s experience of the decentralization of the healthcare system that may be consider as a useful example for other countries to strategically think of and to shape their future system within their own socio-political context. Copyright © 2020 Via Medic

夏枯草中熊果酸的提取分离及含量测定

Objective: To study the extract technology of Ursolic Acid from Spica Prunellae,and to build the method of determining its content. Methods: Adopting the method of ethanol extract and agglutination separate to isolate Ursolic Acid.The content of Ursolic Acid in sample is determined by HPLC with Methanol-H2O-Glacial acetic acid-Triethylamine (83:17:0.04:0.02) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min,and detection wavelength at 210nm. Beckman ODS 150mm×4.6mm column is used at 25℃. Results: The product is recognized to be Ursolic Acid by physicochemical contents and thin layer chromatography.Adopting peak area normalization method for counting.The extraction rate is 99.8%. Conclusion: The technology of isolating and preparation Ursolic Acid is advanced、pratical、reasonable and feasible. It can be applied in industrial production. The purity of Ursolic Acid is high and the safety is good. The analytical method is simple and accurate.It can be adapted to evaluate the quality of Ursolic Acid.目的  研究从夏枯草中提取分离熊果酸的工艺，并建立其含量测定的方法。方法  采用“醇提凝析法”分离制备熊果酸，用HPLC法测定其含量。色谱柱为Beckman公司ODS150mm×4.6mm，5μm，柱温25℃，流动相：甲醇:水:冰醋酸:三乙胺（83:17:0.04:0.02），流速：1.0ml/min，检测波长：210nm。结果  产品经理化常数和薄层色谱鉴定确证为熊果酸；含量计算采用峰面积归一化法，含量为99.8%。结论  “醇提凝析法”分离制备熊果酸工艺先进合理，实用可行，有利于工业化生产。熊果酸纯度高，安全性好。HPLC法快速简便，精密度高，可用于控制熊果酸产品质量

FACTORS RELATED TO THE AWARENESS AND BEHAVIOR OF MARIJUANA USE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CAPITAL HANOI, VIETNAM

Abstract The increasing use of addictive substances, especially marijuana, among university students has increased the burden of disease and social issues. However, the specific data about the prevalence and factors relating to marijuana use among university students is still limited. This study aims to provide the initial research literature about factors affecting the awareness and behavior of marijuana use among university students in Hanoi. The study employed two primary methods: a survey questionnaire and an in-depth interview with a sample of 324 diverse university students. According to research findings, students are generally uncertain about the effects of marijuana and take a neutral stance on its social acceptability. The overall prevalence of marijuana use among university students in Hanoi is 7.4%, of which the rate of use in males is 9.4% and in females is 4.1%. Marijuana use is also influenced by peers' behavior, and parents' false perception of their children's drug prevention capability and marijuana's accessibility may also play a factor

Developmentally Programmed Division of Labor in the Aquatic Invader Alternanthera philoxeroides Under Homogeneous Soil Nutrients

Clonal traits can contribute to plant invasiveness, but little is known about the roles of division of labor (a key clonal trait) in homogeneous habitats. The hypothesis tested is that clonal integration allows division of labor and increases the overall performance of an invasive clonal plant, especially under higher soil nutrients. Clonal fragment pairs of aquatic invader Alternanthera philoxeroides (each with four ramets and a stolon apex) were grown in two homogenous habitats with high or low soil nutrient supply, and with stolon connections being either severed (clonal integration prevented) or kept intact (clonal integration allowed). Results showed that stolon connection allowed the division of labor within the clonal fragment, with basal ramets specializing in acquisition of belowground resources and apical ramets specializing in acquisition of aboveground expansion. Moreover, the capacity for division of labor was greater, which brought the clonal fragments of A. philoxeroides stronger clonal propagation and better performance in high nutrient habitats than in low nutrient habitats. The results supported our hypotheses that the developmentally programmed division of labor may facilitate the clonal expansion of this aggressive invader in some homogeneous habitats with high resource availability