Polymorphous Supercapacitors Constructed from Flexible Three-Dimensional Carbon Network/Polyaniline/MnO₂ Composite Textiles

Polymorphous supercapacitors were constructed from flexible three-dimensional carbon network/polyaniline (PANI)/MnO₂ composite textile electrodes. The flexible textile electrodes were fabricated through a layer-by-layer construction strategy: PANI, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and MnO₂ were deposited on activated carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) in turn through an electropolymerization process, “dipping and drying” method, and in situ chemical reaction, respectively. In the fabricated ACFC/PANI/CNTs/MnO₂ textile electrodes, the ACFC/CNT hybrid framework serves as a porous and electrically conductive 3D network for the rapid transmission of electrons and electrolyte ions, where ACFC, PANI, and MnO₂ are high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. In the electrolyte of H₂SO₄ solution, the textile electrode-based symmetric supercapacitor delivers superior areal capacitance, energy density, and power density of 4615 mF cm^–2 (for single electrode), 157 μW h cm^–2, and 10372 μW cm^–2, respectively, whereas asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with the prepared composite textile as the positive electrode and ACFC as the negative electrode exhibits an improved energy density of 413 μW h cm^–2 and a power density of 16120 μW cm^–2. On the basis of the ACFC/PANI/CNTs/MnO₂ textile electrodes, symmetric and asymmetric solid-state textile supercapacitors with a PVA/H₂SO₄ gel electrolyte were also produced. These solid-state textile supercapacitors exhibit good electrochemical performance and high flexibility. Furthermore, flexible solid-state fiber-like supercapacitors were prepared with fiber bundle electrodes dismantled from the above composite textiles. Overall, this work makes a meaningful exploration of the versatile applications of textile electrodes to produce polymorphous supercapacitors