Characteristics of dust event in East Asia : Focus on the Gobi Desert, and Mongolia regions

[ABSTRACT] This study investigated the effect of snow and vegetation covers on dust emission by the correlation analysis of strong wind frequency and dust emission frequency, where the strong wind is defined with a constant threshold 6.5 m/sec. This correlation should be high (low) where the variance of land surface environment is low (large). In addition to this idea, referring to the parameterizations of threshold wind speed by NDVI and snow cover fraction, we built four hypotheses as shown in section 3.1. However, our obtained results disagreed with these in many points, and this indicates problems in the current parameterizations. We will discuss the reasons of these disagreements and some methods will be proposed to clarify these problems

Comparison of the facial anatomy and trigeminal sensory complex of a hairy-tailed mole (<i>Parascalops breweri</i>) and star-nosed mole (<i>Condylura cristata</i>).

<p>A. A hairy-tailed mole has the typical body plan for a mole, with large forelimbs, small eyes, and a prominent but unspecialized nose. B. A horizontal section through the brainstem of a hairy tailed mole showing the trigeminal nerve (V), principal trigeminal sensory nucleus (PrV), and the spinal trigeminal nuclei (Sp50 – oral subnucleus, Sp5I - interpolar subnucleus, Sp5C - caudal subnucleus). The brainstem trigeminal nuclei of the hairy-tailed mole are similar to those of laboratory mice and rats. C. The star-nosed mole with an elaborate, mechanosensory nose. D. A horizontal section through the brainstem of a star-nosed mole. In star-nosed moles, PrV is greatly expanded in both rostral and medial-lateral directions. Note that the sections in B and D were cut horizontally relative to the separated brainstem, such that the ventral surface defined the horizontal plane.</p

A parasagittal section of the star-nosed mole brain showing the relative size and location of the trigeminal nuclei, cranial nerve 5 (V) and the trigeminal ganglion (Vg).

<p>A parasagittal section of the star-nosed mole brain showing the relative size and location of the trigeminal nuclei, cranial nerve 5 (V) and the trigeminal ganglion (Vg).</p

Comparison of myelinated fiber counts, PrV ray volumes, and cortical ray areas.

<p>A–B. A section of the principal nucleus (PrV) containing the star representation compared to a flattened section of cortex showing the primary somatosensory representation of the star (S1 Cortex), both processed for cytochrome oxidase. The areas of the ray representations in “A” are similar to the total PrV volumes of the ray representations from reconstructions of serial sections. Thus these images illustrate the general finding that ray 11, the tactile fovea, is more greatly over-represented at the level of the cortex (B) than in the brainstem (A). C. The mean PrV volumes for each ray representation (1–11) from the 4 reconstructed cases. D. Myelinated fiber counts for the 11 rays of 4 moles from a previous study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022406#pone.0022406-Catania3" target="_blank">[17]</a>. E. Areas of cortex representing the rays of 4 moles from a previous study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022406#pone.0022406-Catania3" target="_blank">[17]</a>. F. The mean volume of each ray representation in PrV per fiber (ratio of C to D). G. The mean S1 cortex per fiber for each ray representation (ratio of E to D). Note that D, E, and G (darker histograms) are from a previous investigation in 4 moles (adapted from<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022406#pone.0022406-Catania3" target="_blank">[17]</a>), whereas C and F are from the present study in 4 different moles. Bars in C–G are SEM.</p