Data set of the results of the present study.

(XLSX)</p

Boxplots for total calcium released to the citric acid, according to the solutions.

The boxplots better portray non-parametric data, where the boxes represent interquartile range, dark bars represent median, and the whiskers represent highest and lowest readings. Groups with different letters are significantly different from each other. The gray shaded boxes represent groups with the presence (F-) of fluoride, and the white boxes represent absence (No_F-) of fluoride.</p

Mean relative surface reflection intensity (rSRI) and standard deviation (error bars), according to the solutions.

Groups with different letters are significantly different from each other. Different shaded symbols mean presence (gray diamonds–F-) or absence (white circles–No_F-) of fluoride.</p

Mean relative surface microhardness (rSH) and standard deviation (error bars), according to the solutions.

Groups with different letters are significantly different from each other. Different shaded symbols mean presence (gray diamonds–F-) or absence (white circles–No_F-) of fluoride.</p

Genetically diverse colonies are host to more active, potentially probiotic genera and fewer potentially pathogenic genera.

<p>Number of sequences in bee guts sampled from genetically uniform and genetically diverse colonies, classified into potential pathogenic and probiotic genera. Total number of sequences sampled for each colony type is given in parentheses in the header bar, and fraction of colonies sampled that had these pathogenic or probiotic genera is in parentheses for each genus. The same 7 genetically uniform and 5 genetically diverse colonies had these pathogens present (i.e., a colony either had all three pathogens in it, or none of them).</p

<i>Bifidobacterium</i> abundance inversely correlated with pathogen abundance.

<p>Abundance per colony of sequences of active <i>Bifidobacterium</i> (a known probiotic) was significantly and inversely correlated with the sequence abundance in the bee gut of species belonging to known pathogenic genera (Pearson correlation: r = −0.41, n = 22, p<0.05). Each data point represents a single study colony, with genetically uniform colonies (red) distinguished from genetically diverse ones (black).</p

Diversity of species and genera found within different honey bee colony environments.

<p>(A) Venn diagram representation of species-level diversity (97% identity) of the active bacterial communities that were found within three bee-associated sampling environments (bee bread, bee guts, and whole bees), pooled across colony type. The total species richness in the dataset was 1,019 OTUs, with the most species-rich environment being bee guts (824 total species). (B) The core microbiota among all three environments included 103 species that spanned 26 genera, with <i>Oenococcus</i> and <i>Succinivibrionaceae</i> comprising the largest fractions.</p

Sequence abundance of the 13 most active taxa from each colony environment that affiliated with distinct phylogenetic groups.

1<p>unclassified (could not classify beyond family for this group).</p><p>Percentage of total sequences (classified into genera) are given, as well as the number of species (based on 97% sequence identity) that was found within each genus in parentheses. See supplementary materials for a complete list of all bacterial sequences from the sampled environments from each study colony (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032962#pone.0032962.s005" target="_blank">Tables S2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032962#pone.0032962.s006" target="_blank">S3</a>).</p

Honey bee colony samples cluster according to environment sampled.

<p>(A) Weighted, species-based (97% identity) Unifrac clustering of sampled environments in each study colony, with clades colored coded by environment. Additionally, branches representing the microbiota found in genetically uniform colonies are colored in red; black branches are genetically diverse colonies. (B) Each column below a Unifrac tree tip is the ranked abundance of bacterial classes found that sample, represented as a heat map; the most active classes were Bacilli and γ-proteobacteria. Bee-gut samples (in lavender) cluster to the exclusion of whole-bee (in green) and bee-bread samples (in pink), largely because of the presence of <i>Succinovibrionaceae</i>.</p

Toothache-related queries and their respective RSV for each country.

<p>Terms with RSV = 0 were not considered.</p