Evolutionary games, climate and the generation of diversity

<div><p>Environmental stochasticity and climate affect outcomes in evolutionary games, which can thereby affect biological diversity. Our maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of replicator dynamics for morph frequency data from control (25 years) and three experimentally perturbed populations (14 years) of side-blotched lizards yield a 3 × 3 payoff matrix in the generalized Rock-Paper-Scissors family; it has intransitive best replies, and each strategy is its own worst reply. ML estimates indicate significant interactive effects of density and temperature on morph frequency. Implied dynamics feature a powerful interior attractor and recover (for the first time) observed 4-5 year oscillations. Our evolutionary experiment on morph frequency confirms that oscillations are driven by frequency dependent selection, but climate entrains the cycles across the perturbed and control populations within 10 generations. Applying the model across the species range, we find that climate also accounts for morph fixation and mating system diversity, suggesting climate may similarly impact ecosystem diversity.</p></div

Estimates of the (<i>W</i>, <i>β</i>_<i>ν</i>, <i>β</i>_<i>τ</i>) model (with bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses).

<p>Matrix entries are for strategies [1, 2, 3] = [<i>o</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>y</i>]. In Panel (a) the covariates are suppressed, and the estimated effective sample size is . The remaining panels show estimates of the full model, for which .</p

Geographic variation in the orange, blue and yellow strategy types and hours of restriction during juvenile emergence.

<p>Geographic variation in the orange, blue and yellow strategy types and hours of restriction during juvenile emergence.</p

Simplex and states in all worlds.

<p>Black points and lines are time series <i>S</i>(<i>t</i>), while blue points are the Nash equilibrium for .</p

Coimmunoprecipation and Western blot analysis showing an association between GAPDH and ENaC subunits.

<p>Polyclonal ENaC alpha, beta, and gamma antibodies were used to immunoprecipatate each subunit from mpkCCD cellular lysates and pull-down protein binding partners. The eluent from the immunoprecipitated complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE and the blots were probed with GAPDH polyclonal antibody. (A) Western blot analysis showing an immunoreactive band corresponding to GAPDH protein at 35 kDa from both Xenopus 2F3 cells and mpkCCD cells. (B) IP-Western showing specific antibodies for ENaC alpha, beta, and gamma subunits pull-down GAPDH from mpkCCD cell lysates. Heavy and light chains of IgG are indicated by arrows. IP refers to immunoprecipitation. IgG refers to immunoglobulin.</p

Exosomal GAPDH from Proximal Tubule Cells Regulate ENaC Activity - Fig 2

<p>Coomassie blue–stained sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (A) and mass spectrometry analysis (B) of lysed exosomes isolated from conditioned media in the apical compartment of LLC-PK1 cells. Coomassie blue–stained sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (C) and mass spectrometry analysis (D) of lysed exosomes isolated from conditioned media in the basolateral compartment of LLC-PK1 cells. Molecular weight markers (MWM) are shown in the first lane. Peptides listed in (B) and (D) are signature peptides corresponding to GAPDH.</p

Effect of exosomes isolated from conditioned media on the basolateral side of LLC-PK1 cells on ENaC activity in Xenopus 2F3 cells.

<p>(A): representative single-channel recording using the cell-attached configuration shows no appreciable change in ENaC activity after application of basolateral plasma membrane LLC-PK1 exosomes to the apical side of Xenopus 2F3 cells. The dashed lines denote open and closed levels (o, open and c, closed). The number of current levels represents the number of channels in the patch. The arrow indicates the time point at which the exosomes were applied to the cells. (B): summary line graph showing the open probability (<i>P</i>_<b>o</b>) of ENaC did not change after applying exosomes to the apical surface of Xenopus 2F3 cells. Each point represents the mean ± s.e. and the data shown are from 10 separate patches (N = 10); P = 0.33.</p

Identification of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by LC-MS/MS.

<p>The peptide was detected as doubly charged with a mass-to-charge ratio of 778.9126, which represents an error of 5 ppm. The tandem mass spectrum matched the following sequence, VPTPNVSVVDLT<u>C</u>R. The detection was made with Mascot with ion score 87.8.</p

Effect of exosomes isolated from conditioned media on the apical side of LLC-PK1 cells on ENaC activity in Xenopus 2F3 cells.

<p>(A): representative single-channel recording using the cell-attached configuration shows a decrease in ENaC activity after application of apical plasma membrane LLC-PK1 exosomes to the apical side of Xenopus 2F3 cells. The dashed lines denote open and closed levels (o, open and c, closed). The number of current levels represents the number of channels in the patch. The arrow indicates the time point at which the exosomes were applied to the cells. (B): summary line graph showing the open probability (<i>P</i>_<b>o</b>) of ENaC decreased within 10 minutes of applying exosomes to the apical surface of Xenopus 2F3 cells. Each point represents the mean ± s.e. and the data shown are from 6 separate patches (N = 6); P = 0.07.</p

Uptake of fluorescently labeled exosomes from LLC-PK1 cells in mouse cortical collecting duct principal cells.

<p>mpkCCD cells were incubated with red PKH26-labeled exosomes at 37°C for one hour. The cell surface was labeled with the green CTX fluorescent dye. Arrows indicate exosomes taken up by the cells after a 1 hour incubation at 37°C. Twelve z stack images were taken in total and an orthogonal view (XZ and YZ axis) is shown.</p