EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER ORGALIFE ON SOME YIELD AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

This study presents the effect of ecological fertilizer Orgalife on some yield and quality properties of two rice varieties, San Andrea and Opale, during the time period 2020-2021. In a field experiment arranged in Zade method, three treatments were studied: control (350kg/ha NPK) as a basic fertilizer and 200kg/ha Urea (46% N) and two variants with Orgalife foliar application in dosage: 20L/ha - variant 1 and dosage of 20L+20L/ha - variant 2. In variant 2, Orgalife was applied twice in an interval of 10 days. Biological, grain and straw yield, number of productive tillers/m2, 1000 kernel weight of paddy and whole grains white rice and milling fractions were examined. Results were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD test. Opale’s variant 2 presented significantly the highest average in both years for biological (18575kg/ha), grain (11458kg/ha) and straw yield (7115kg/ha) compared to the control lowest average. For San Andrea, significant differences were noticed for grain yield in variant 2 (8883.33kg/ha) compared to the control (7350kg/ha). Opale’s variant 2 determines the highest statistically significant average (612.17) of productive tillers/m2 for both years compared to control. For 1000 kernel weight of whole grain white rice, the averages for Opale’s variant 2 (22.73 g) were on pair with the control (22.42 g), as well as the total milled rice. Opale showed approximately the same average values about the total milled rice examined in both years regardless of the treatments (69.30% variant 1, 70.05% variant 2 and 71.57% control). The results about whole grain white rice vary from 45.73% (control) to 46.75% (variant 2)

Yield and some morphological properties of newly introduced Italian rice varieties grown in Macedonia

This paper presents the results of investigation of three newly introduced Italian rice varieties Brio, Ellebi and Opale, in comparison with two standards Prima riska and R-76/6. The field experiment (randomised block system) was conducted during 2010 and 2011 under the agro-ecological conditions of Kocani region. The paddy rice yield, stem height, panicle length and number of productive tillers per m2 were analysed. In both years of investigation, the paddy rice yield of the standard variety R-76/6 as well as the introduced Brio, Ellebi and Opale varieties was significantly lower compared with standard Prima riska variety. Тhe stem height of the Italian rice varieties was significantly shorter in comparison with standard varieties, in both years of testing. In general, according to the results obtained in this investigation, the newly introduced varieties: Brio, Ellebi and Opale could be included in the rice breeding programmes, especially for breeding short stem rice varieties

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS ON SOME PRODUCTIVE AND QUALITY TRAITS OF RICE

The traditional planting system of rice in the Republic of Macedonia is wet direct seeding (hand broadcasting of seeds into pre-standing water in the fields). In this paper, the effects of different planting methods of rice (wet seeding as well as dry seeding by using seed drills) on productivity and quality of rice are presented. Field trials were set up at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture – Skopje, locality Mishjak, Kocani region, with two varieties (San Andrea and Onice) included. The following planting systems were explored: 1. wet direct seeding, with seeding rate of 250 kg seeds per ha (control); 2. dry seeding, 150 kg seeds per ha; 3. dry seeding, 200 kg seeds per ha. During the harvesting, the number of tillers per m2, biological yield, paddy rice yield, head rice yield and white rice yield were analyzed. The highest number of tillers per m2 (San Andrea 383.00 and Onice 731.33) and the highest average paddy yield (San Andrea 11,780.00 kg ha-1 and Onice 10,113.33 kg ha-1) were achieved in the control. The highest biological yield in Onice (21,493.33 kg ha-1) was found in the control, while in San Andrea (20,650.00 kg ha-1) in the treatment dry seeding, 150 kg seeds per ha. For the head rice yield, the highest percentage was determined in the control (San Andrea, 54.57%) and in the treatment dry seeding, 150 kg seeds per ha (Onice, 66.72 %). Both varieties (San Andrea with 6,428.35 kg ha-1 and Onice with 6,143.83 kg ha-1) reached the highest white rice yield in the control. In general, in the treatment dry seeding with 200 kg seeds per ha, the higher values of number of tillers per m2, paddy yield and white rice yield were assessed, compared to the treatment dry seeding with 150 kg seeds per ha, in both varieties

INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING METHODS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF RICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

In this study, the influence of two different paddy harvesting methods (manual harvesting and combine harvesting) on paddy yield, head rice yield and white rice yield was investigated. Field trials were set up in three different locations in the rice producing regions Kocani, Cesinovo-Oblesevo and Stip under the standard production technology, adopted in the entire Macedonian rice production. Two Italian introduced varieties (San Andrea and Onice) were included in the trials. Samples were taken from the treatments with different methods of harvesting (manual and combine harvesting) from which the paddy rice yield data were collected directly. In order to determine the head rice yield, laboratory milling of paddy grains was performed on a paddy quality testing machine (three average samples of 100 g per treatment, duration of milling 1,40 min.). On the base of the data for paddy rice yield and head rice yield, the white rice yield was estimated. According to the results obtained, the highest paddy rice yield (11,925.67 kg ha-1) as well as the highest white rice yield (6,710.57 kg ha-1) were achieved in the treatment with manual harvesting in Kocani region (San Andrea variety). The highest head rice yield (65.80 %) was determined in the treatment with manual harvesting in Stip region (Onice variety), while the lowest head rice yield (43.90 %) was in the treatment with combine harvesting of the variety Onice in Kocani region. In general, the method of manual harvesting resulted in higher values of paddy yield, head rice yield and white rice yield compared to the method of mechanized, combine harvesting in all the examined treatments (two varieties, three locations)

Effect of Storm Fertilizer on Germination and Seedling Vigor in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of Storm (fertilizer with 3%25 growth regulators from Sargassum and A. nodosum algae and 6%25 organic N) on germination parameters and seedling vigor in rice was examined in seed from San Andrea cultivar produced in 2017 and 2018, treated with three concentrations%253A 0.1%25, 0.5%25 and 2.5%25 against a control (no fertilizer added). Germination energy, total germination, germination speed, seedling (root, shoot and total) length and dry weight and vigor indexes (I and II) were examined. The results were statistically evaluated by two-way ANOVA and LSD test. The total germination (94.38%25 to 96.75%25) was not affected by the treatments, while the germination energy and the germination speed were significantly negatively affected by the 2.5%25 treatment- 83.00%25 and 21.53 accordingly against 90.63%25 and 23.94 in the control). All Storm treatments significantly increased the seedling length. With the increase in concentration, the root length decreased while the shoot length increased. Even thought all of the Storm treatments significantly increased the Vigor index I (1587.44 to 1644.75) and Vigor index II (35265.38 to 37753.75) compared to the control (1362.07 and 29984.50 respectively), they affected the seedling development differently. The 2.5%25 treatment negatively affected the development of the seedling, as promoted increased development of the seedling shoot, but inhibited the development of the root. Best results were obtained with 0.1%25 concentration, as it significantly promoted both the root and shoot development and resulted in significantly higher index I, index II, shoot, root and total seedling length compared to the control. With this treatment were obtained the longest root (7.98 cm), the highest root dry weight (3.89 mg) and the highest root volume (50 mu%253BL) in the trial

Characteristics of five Turkish rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) grown under the environmental conditions of the Republic of Macedonia

The Turkish rice cultivars 'Kiziltan', 'Gala', 'Halilbey', 'Gönen' and 'Paşali' were evaluated under typical environmental conditions and production technology of the Kochani rice producing region in the Republic of Macedonia and compared to the standard cultivar 'San Andrea'. The field trial was set up during 2013 and 2014 in randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The Turkish rice cultivars showed shorter period from seeding to flowering compared to the standard. Significantly lower plant height and panicle length in the Turkish cultivars was determined, based on 30 plants per cultivar. 'Paşali' cultivar produced the highest average number of productive tillers (586.67 m-2), while 'Gönen' the lowest (448.50 m-2), based on 3 samples. The Turkish rice cultivars achieved higher average paddy rice yield (based on 3 samples per cultivar), with significant difference between means only for 'Paşali', where the highest value was obtained (9591.78 kg ha-1). The Turkish rice cultivars generally showed better results than the standard and as such are potentially suitable for cultivation in the Republic of Macedonia

Characteristics of Five Turkish Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under the Environmental Conditions of the Republic of Macedonia

The Turkish rice cultivars 'Kiziltan', 'Gala', 'Halilbey', 'Gönen' and 'Paşali' were evaluated under typical environmental conditions and production technology of the Kochani rice producing region in the Republic of Macedonia and compared to the standard cultivar 'San Andrea'. The field trial was set up during 2013 and 2014 in randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The Turkish rice cultivars showed shorter period from seeding to flowering compared to the standard. Significantly lower plant height and panicle length in the Turkish cultivars was determined, based on 30 plants per cultivar. 'Paşali' cultivar produced the highest average number of productive tillers (586.67 m-2), while 'Gönen' the lowest (448.50 m-2), based on 3 samples. The Turkish rice cultivars achieved higher average paddy rice yield (based on 3 samples per cultivar), with significant difference between means only for 'Paşali', where the highest value was obtained (9591.78 kg ha-1). The Turkish rice cultivars generally showed better results than the standard and as such are potentially suitable for cultivation in the Republic of Macedonia

ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF SOME WEEDS IN THE RICE FIELDS OF THE KOCHANI REGION

During the period 2021-2022, the allelopathic effect of three weed species Scirpus mucronatus L., Scirpus maritimus L. and Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. was studied under laboratory conditions at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven from the rice fields in the Kochani region and determining the allelopathic tolerance of four rice varieties Ronaldo, Opale, San Andrea and Halilbay grown in the Republic of Macedonia. It was established that the developed in vitro test ensures the obtaining of reliable results for the allelopathic effect of S. mucronatus, S. maritimus and H. reniformis and the allelopathic tolerance of the Ronaldo, Opale, San Andrea and Halilbay rice cultivars included in the study. The use of agar-gel as a carrier of allelochemicals and development environment has sufficient water supply and compacted structure to support the optimal development of the accessions included in the experiment development index (GI%) varied from 21.5 to 129.2%) and proof of allelopathic interference in rice. In terms of allelopathic tolerance to weed species, rice varieties can tentatively be ranked in the following order: Halilbay (GI% average 47.5%) → Ronaldo and Opale (GI% average 62.3%) → San Andrea (GI% average 94.1%)

Eragrostis pilosa (L) . Beauv. a New Invasive and Economically Important Weed in the Rice Fields in the Kocani Region

Investigations were carried out in rice fields in the Kocani region. The aim for this investigations was to determine the weed species which has never been registered in Kocani rice fields before. Also, to examine in which localities it appears, the reasons for its occurrence in the rice fields and the impact of this weed on rice yield. After determining it was discovered that the examined weed is Eragrostis pilosa (L) P. Beauv (indian love grass). This is a non-typical weed for rice fields in Kocani region. Eragrostis pilosa in the rice fields in Kocani region for the first time was noticed in 2010 in vicinity of ​​the village Mojance. In 2012 it also appears in the rice fields in vicinity of villages Kucicino, Ciflik, Burilcevo and Dolni Podlog. In 2013 it spreads in the rice fields in vicinity of villages Cesinovo and Grdovce and in the majority of the rice fields around the city of Kocani. Water deficiency in the rice fields is the reason for Eragrostis pilosa occurrence. Depending on the weed intensity the rice yield was reduced from ca. 25 to 55%25. Its spreading will be a serious economically problem in the rice production in the Kocani region

Assessment of seed viability of Oryza sativa L. accessions in long-term storage after more than a decade

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the seed viability of 16 Oryza sativa L. accessions including valuable endangered landraces, a breeder's line, and an advanced/improved cultivar after 13-14 years of long-term storage. Preservation of seed samples has been conducted ex-situ at low temperatures (-18°C). The germination test (germination energy and total germination) was carried out according to ISTA methods and Kameswara (2006). Furthermore, the following variables were examined: the germination index, root length, shoot length, root-to-shoot length ratio, total seedling length, and seed vigour index. The Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship between the vigour index and seedling length. All the sixteen accessions have had a high total germination rate, in the range of 89-100%, hence there is no need for their regeneration. The germination energy and total germination showed statistically significant differences for two rice accessions at P-0.05 and P-0.01. The seed showing a high vigour index produced seedlings with higher growth rates. The Pearson correlation of the vigour index and seedling length was found to be very highly positive and statistically significant (r=0.99, p<0.001). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that rice as a botanical species retains high seed viability during the long-term conservation, although there are individual differences between the accessions which are due to the genetic constitution of each genotype