MOST FREQUENTLY DETERMINED CARRIAGES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS DURING HEALTH - HYGIENE EXAMINATION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND TRADE

 Food safety is one of the key factors for consumer health. Therefore, a lot of  attention has been paid in the last few decades to the identification of biological hazards in food. They represent a very serious danger to the health and safety of consumers. The health status of food handlers is a very significant factor for food safety. For those reasons, it is necessary that they regularly perform the prescribed health-hygiene examinations in order to prevent the secondary contamination of food, thereby preventing the development of food-borne diseases. During the research period 2011-2020, it was established that 11,347 people did not have a health-hygiene examination during the inspections carried out by the Food and Veterinary Agency in the Republic of North Macedonia.The largest number of persons who did not perform a health-hygiene examination was observed in 2012, i.e. 2276 persons, compared to 2016, when the lowest number of persons (596) who did not perform a health-hygiene examination was ascertained. For the analyzed period, the competent authority removed from work a total of 3170 food handlers  due to carriages of  infectious agents. In 2012, the largest number of removed persons was recorded (808), compared to 2018 when only 80 persons were removed due to carriage.  Regular health-hygiene examinations for employees who are in contact with food allows timely detection of asymptomatic carriers of bacteria and parasites, which will reduce and prevent the development of food-borne diseases

MACEDONIAN TAX LEGISLATION COPING WITH THE EU INTEGRATION: REFORMING PROCESSES

Four years before the Macedonian authorities submitted the request for membership in the European Union, they have started the process of tax harmonization with the EU law. Therefore, in 2000 the legislator adopted the Law on the Value Added Tax that was completely established on the basic principles of the VI VAT directive, considered as the raison d'etre for VAT in every EU member states.Different from the obligation to harmonize the national legislations with the EU rules in the area of indirect taxation, countries still preserve their tax sovereignty regarding the direct taxes. However, contemporary supranational tax problems and challenges, such as the issue of transfer pricing, aggressive tax planning, hybrid tax mismatches etc., require cross-border cooperation, mutual coordination and implementation of the measures adopted on EU level. In this context, most important is the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive of 2016, which is a set of minimum standards and rules that aim to create a business environment with fair conditions for all EU members. For this entire pre-accession period, the Republic of North Macedonia has undertaken series of reforms in the area of income taxes, although all the changes and amendments were or still are in direction of “relaxing” the tax policy. Since the current corporate tax system has not provided the much wanted and expected benefits, the country is still “suffering” from the significant tax revenue losses. It is the right moment to undertake serious steps toward reforming the Macedonian income tax legislation. These legal changes should be implemented regardless of the status of North Macedonia in the EU integration process, considering that vital interest of every country is to have sustainable and healthy public finances

THE POSITION AND ROLE OF STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS IN THE 21st CENTURY

According to the classical dichotomy of the realist theory of interest representation, the subjects acting on the national and international scene are defined as state and nonstate actors in the context of their content and position. Until the turn of the 21st century, the state-centric model of interaction is characteristic, where states are the main actors dominating national and world politics, although they are not the sole ones. Examples of state actors are bureaucratically organized state institutions and governing bodies, foreign policy institutions, the army, the police, intelligence agencies, etc. The gradual rise of non-state actors, as a result of the diffusion of power and monopolistic authorities of the state, seen through the prism of recent events such as the Arab Spring, the rise of ISIS, the migrant crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, etc., illustrate that many contemporary challenges to international order and security inevitably involve, among others, non-state actors.Examples of non-state actors include private military and security companies, the media, criminal organizations, terrorist groups, non-governmental organizations, as well as multinational corporations, lobby groups, organized social or ethnic group movements, and others. Through the application of qualitative deductive methodology, analysis of case studies and through linear interpolation of quantitative data in the context of this paper, the main questions arising from this social phenomenology are elaborated: their adjunction, regulation, with special reference to their place and role in society, in the direction of their positioning and categorization of meaning, from where the main hypothesis of this paper is drawn

Времето и просторот во романот Домашна змија од Аријан Лека

“I do not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all.”- Isaac Newton in Scholium to the Principia, 1687 As a narrative structure, as a discourse that neatly animates in itself a spectrum of feelings, dreams, hopes, faith, revolt, from which it weaves a metaphor for the existence of a parallel world, the approach to a world so close and far away at the same time, is one of the most special works in contemporary Albanian and, in general, Balkan literature.The two parallel streams in the portraying of a world that is shown and that which is implied, which is intended, to connect a parable of known and unknown codes that communicate with each other. Arian Leka invents a different world, transformed, disintegrated, maybe even in a way deformed to specify the ironic and grotesque expressiveness, to show the reality as loudly as possible.Paradoxicality as the internal substance of the metaphor, as ironic and grotesque expressiveness, in the novel The House Snake as the first reflection, the transition to the apostrophe of the human being appears as the first appearance, therefore in this narrative it is the blindness of love that gives meaning to this world, the reason for existence, even in the world of the blind men.This is a story about a confrontation with oneself, with history, with the fate of isolation in space and time, with the intrusive and isolationist ideology. Here, the sea shows the author the way to the inevitable personal and collective catharsis, the way to freedom.“I do not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all.”- Isaac Newton in Scholium to the Principia, 1687 As a narrative structure, as a discourse that neatly animates in itself a spectrum of feelings, dreams, hopes, faith, revolt, from which it weaves a metaphor for the existence of a parallel world, the approach to a world so close and far away at the same time, is one of the most special works in contemporary Albanian and, in general, Balkan literature.The two parallel streams in the portraying of a world that is shown and that which is implied, which is intended, to connect a parable of known and unknown codes that communicate with each other. Arian Leka invents a different world, transformed, disintegrated, maybe even in a way deformed to specify the ironic and grotesque expressiveness, to show the reality as loudly as possible.Paradoxicality as the internal substance of the metaphor, as ironic and grotesque expressiveness, in the novel The House Snake as the first reflection, the transition to the apostrophe of the human being appears as the first appearance, therefore in this narrative it is the blindness of love that gives meaning to this world, the reason for existence, even in the world of the blind men.This is a story about a confrontation with oneself, with history, with the fate of isolation in space and time, with the intrusive and isolationist ideology. Here, the sea shows the author the way to the inevitable personal and collective catharsis, the way to freedom

Употребата на да-конструкцијата со модалните и со фазните глаголи во македонскиот јазик и нејзините еквиваленти во шпанскиот јазик

The da-construction in the Macedonian language, also known under the terms optative-subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive (Minova-Gjrkova 2000: 75), besides in its independent use, is most often found in combination with modal and phase verbs. The modal verbs in the Macedonian language mora, mozhe, smee, treba and saka and according to Georgievski (Георгиевски 2009: 18) they necessarily require the specific content of the action to be expressed with a da-construction. According to Georgievski (Георгиевски 2009), the phase verbs are used to determine the phases of an action, that is, they express the initial or inhoative phase (pochne/pochnuva), the continuation of the phase (prodolzhi/prodolzhuva) and the final or terminative phase (prestane/prestanuva). Both the modality and the phase of actions are linguistic universals, so we can review them in other languages as well. In the Spanish language, as our object of interest besides the Macedonian, we notice the use of the modal and the phase verbs with infinitive (in the place where the da-construction stands in Macedonian). Hence, we consider the da-construction in the Macedonian and the infinitive in the Spanish as equivalents in the indicated situations. In the Spanish language, the modal verbs are: poder, deber, haber and tener (RAE 2010), and the phase verbs are also divided into three groups: the initial (empezar, comenzar), the final (terminar, acabar), and the phase expression a pause in the action (dejar, cesar).The da-construction in the Macedonian language, also known under the terms optative-subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive (Minova-Gjrkova 2000: 75), besides in its independent use, is most often found in combination with modal and phase verbs. The modal verbs in the Macedonian language mora, mozhe, smee, treba and saka and according to Georgievski (Георгиевски 2009: 18) they necessarily require the specific content of the action to be expressed with a da-construction. According to Georgievski (Георгиевски 2009), the phase verbs are used to determine the phases of an action, that is, they express the initial or inhoative phase (pochne/pochnuva), the continuation of the phase (prodolzhi/prodolzhuva) and the final or terminative phase (prestane/prestanuva). Both the modality and the phase of actions are linguistic universals, so we can review them in other languages as well. In the Spanish language, as our object of interest besides the Macedonian, we notice the use of the modal and the phase verbs with infinitive (in the place where the da-construction stands in Macedonian). Hence, we consider the da-construction in the Macedonian and the infinitive in the Spanish as equivalents in the indicated situations. In the Spanish language, the modal verbs are: poder, deber, haber and tener (RAE 2010), and the phase verbs are also divided into three groups: the initial (empezar, comenzar), the final (terminar, acabar), and the phase expression a pause in the action (dejar, cesar)

Како да се стигне до вистинскиот збор

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CAPACITAS IURIDICA ET CAPACITAS AGENDI OF WOMEN IN ROMAN LAW

Law has an important function in realizing women's rights and eliminating inequality betweеn men andwomen. Making women more visible in society and recognizing and protecting their rights must beguaranteed by the rules of law. The situation of women in law is related to all branches of law, not asingle branch. The first examples of women's rights struggles in history started and continued withradical legal system changes. Law emerged to regulate all kinds of interactions between people in orderto ensure social order. Among all known ancient laws, it is accepted that Roman law is based on privatelaw. However, with the development and change of the Roman society, the increase in its needs andexperiences, and the development of the understanding of the social state, the rules that would coverpersonal rights and freedoms in Roman law naturally remained quite limited compared to today's legalrules. In this study, in order to understand the legal status of women in Roman Law, we will take a lookat the legal regulations regarding rights and capacity to act, try to clarify the concepts of rights andcapacity to act, and mention whether there are legal restrictions on these two types of capacity andwhether these restrictions change the legal capacity of women

EU IDENTITY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS

Western Balkan countries are still facing systemic structural difficulties while complying with the European standards on the rule of law. The article argues that similar to other new EU member states such as Poland and Hungary, they might face similar rule of law issues once they become part of the EU if significant rule of law reforms does not take place in the region. Therefore, considering the importance of the rule of law as a core value of the European Union (EU) identity according to the EU Court of Justice, the study assesses to what extent this part of EU identity is present in the Western Balkan countries. On the one hand, the article evaluates the potential risks that the Western Balkans countries might face in light of the binding and not-binding instruments adopted by the European Union for protecting the rule of law. On the other hand, it sheds some light on the state of play of the implementation of the rule of law in the region according to its new definition provided by the EU Cour

Библиските фраземи во македонскиот јазик

Phraseology is the language legacy which represents the view of the speaker’s world, their culture, which is close to the: customs, traditions, legends, beliefs, imagination, the history of the language colectivity, the cultural and the environmental surrounding, taken as a whole. A lot of studies show the strong connection between the language and the culture.The Bible’s language has had an enormous influence on creating the literature languages of a lot of nations since the ancient times connected to the christian culture. This is “The Book of the books”, which saved a lot of ancient cultural concepts and linguistic pictures for us. The translations of the Holy Bible to a lot of languages had became the foundation of the European bookish languages, including the Macedonian.The Holy Bible as a source of phraseological expressions enriches every language. The Bible contains hyperbole, parabole, metaphores, personifications and pictures. The phraseological expressions develop with their presence.Phraseology is the language legacy which represents the view of the speaker’s world, their culture, which is close to the: customs, traditions, legends, beliefs, imagination, the history of the language colectivity, the cultural and the environmental surrounding, taken as a whole. A lot of studies show the strong connection between the language and the culture.The Bible’s language has had an enormous influence on creating the literature languages of a lot of nations since the ancient times connected to the christian culture. This is “The Book of the books”, which saved a lot of ancient cultural concepts and linguistic pictures for us. The translations of the Holy Bible to a lot of languages had became the foundation of the European bookish languages, including the Macedonian.The Holy Bible as a source of phraseological expressions enriches every language. The Bible contains hyperbole, parabole, metaphores, personifications and pictures. The phraseological expressions develop with their presence