Determination Of Acrylamide In Banana-Based Snacks And Effect Of Different Maturity Stages On Formation Of Acrylamide In Banana Fritters

Malaysians consume considerable amount of fried and baked banana-based snacks, which have potential amount of acrylamide content. This study was carried out to a) determine acrylamide in Malaysian banana based snacks by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, b) to study the effect of maturity stages of banana on the formation of acrylamide in banana fritters. The modified method was based on extraction with water followed by cleanup through Oasis HLB and MCX solid-phase extraction cartridges. Then it was followed by bromination (2.5 mL, saturated bromine water treatment) of acrylamide into 2, 3-dibromopropionamide prior conversion to 2-bromopropenamide by dehydrobromination with triethylamine. The results indicated that volume of 2.5 mL bromine water was sufficient to derivatize the acrylamide. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the modified method were 5 and 15 μg/kg, respectively, whereas the recovery for 2.5 mL of saturated bromine water ranged from 86.6 to 105.3%. Five types of Malaysian popular fried and baked banana based snacks purchased from different local markets had acrylamide at the range from 74.0 to 7468.8 μg/kg for banana fritter (pisang goreng), 28.9 to 243.7 μg/kg for banana chips (kerepek pisang), 160.7 to 500.4 μg/kg for sweet banana chips (kerepek pisang manis), >5 to 154.4 μg/kg for banana cake (kek pisang) and 31.7 to 609.1 μg/kg for banana balls (cekodok pisang). Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between acrylamide concentrations in foods from different types. The highest acrylamide content was found in the banana fritter might be related to the higher heating temperature and duration of heating time. To study the effect of maturity stages of banana on the formation of acrylamide in banana fritters, two varieties of local banana Musa paradisiaca variety Awak and Abu were fried before acrylamide determination. The more mature banana had significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of reducing sugars; however, the concentrations of amino acids at different maturity stages were relatively similar (p > 0.05). The study indicated that reducing sugar had significant (p < 0.05) and strong correlation (R2= 0.92 for Abu) and (R2= 0.82 for Awak) with the acrylamide formation, as compared to asparagine. Concentration of acrylamide in both banana varieties enhanced with the increase of both reducing sugars (glucose and fructose). This is demonstrated that the formation of acrylamide presented a strong dependence on the concentration of reducing sugar. However this study failed to show the correlation between acrylamide formation and asparagine as its precursor

Effect of amino acids and frequency of reuse frying oils at different temperature on acrylamide formation in palm olein and soy bean oils via modeling system

This work investigated the underlying formation of acrylamide from amino acids in frying oils during high temperatures and at different times via modeling systems. Eighteen amino acids were used in order to determine which one was more effective on acrylamide production. Significantly the highest amount of acrylamide was produced from asparagine (5987.5 µg/kg) and the lowest from phenylalanine (9.25 µg/kg). A constant amount of asparagine and glutamine in palm olein and soy bean oils was heated up in modelling system at different temperatures (160, 180 and 200 °C) and times (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 min). The highest amount of acrylamide was found at 200 °C for 7.5 min (9317 and 8511 µg/kg) and lowest at 160 °C for 1.5 min (156 and 254 µg/kg) in both frying oils and both amino acids. Direct correlations have been found between time (R2 = 0.884), temperature (R2 = 0.951) and amount of acrylamide formation, both at p < 0.05

Determination of acrylamide in banana based snacks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Fried and baked banana-based snacks are popular in South East Asia and banana chip is popular in other countries, such as India, Indonesia, China, African countries, etc; these snacks may contain acrylamide in concentration which may be of concern due to its toxicity. This study was carried out to determine acrylamide concentration in popular banana based snacks in Malaysia using a modified method of gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the modified method are 5 and 15 μg/kg, respectively. Acrylamide concentration of five types of Malaysian popular fried and baked banana based snacks from different local markets ranged from 74.0 to 7468.8 μg/ kg for banana fritter (pisang goreng), 28.9 to 243.7 μg/kg for banana chips (kerepek pisang), 160.7 to 500.4 μg/kg for sweet banana chips (kerepek pisang manis), not detected to 154.4 μg/kg for banana cake (kek pisang) and 31.7 to 609.1 μg/kg for banana balls (cekodok pisang). Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in acrylamide concentration between different food types. From the estimate of banana fritter consumption data, the highest exposure to acrylamide in Malaysia is 1.2 μg/kg body weights

The effect of maturity stages of banana on the formation of acrylamide in banana fritters

The effect of maturity stages of two varieties of banana (Musaparadisiaca variety Awak and Abu) on the formation of acrylamide was obtained in banana fritters, the most mature banana had significantly (p 0.05). The study indicated that reducing sugars had a significant (p < 0.05) and strong correlation (R2 = 0.92 for Abu, R2 = 0.82 for Awak) with the formation of acrylamide compared to asparagine. The formation of acrylamide in both banana varieties was enhanced with an increase in both reducing sugars (glucose and fructose). This research demonstrated that the formation of acrylamide was strongly dependent on the concentration of, both glucose and fructose