Na+/K+-ATpase immunoreactivity in branchial chloride cells of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to copper

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Cortisol increases Na+/K+-ATPase density in plasma membranes of gill chloride cells in the freshwater tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus

Contains fulltext : Wendelaar45.pdf ( ) (Open Access

Metallothionein response in gills of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to copper in fresh water

Contains fulltext : 14197.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access

Relative parameter sensitivity in prenatal toxicity studies with substances classified as developmental toxicants

Developmental toxicity testing according to the globally standardized OECD 414 protocol is an important basis for decisions on classification and labeling of developmental toxicants in the European Union (EU). This test requires relatively large animal numbers, given that parental and offspring generations are involved. In vitro assay designs and systems biology paradigms are being developed to reduce animal use and to improve prediction of human hazard. Such approaches could benefit from the long-term experience with animal protocols and more specifically from information on the relevance of effects observed in these tests for developmental toxicity. Therefore, we have analyzed relative parameter sensitivity in 22 publicly available developmental toxicity studies, representing about one third of all classified developmental toxicants under European legislation. Maternal and fetal weight effects and fetal survival were most often affected parameters at the developmental Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (dLOAEL), followed by skeletal malformations. Specific end points such as cleft palate were observed in fewer studies at dLOAEL, but if observed may have been crucial in classification and labeling decisions. These results are similar to earlier studies using different selections of chemicals, indicating that in general classified developmental toxicants have a similar pattern of effects at the dLOAEL as chemicals in general. These findings are discussed within the perspective of the development of innovative alternative approaches to developmental hazard assessment

Effects of copper on cortisol receptor and metallothionein expression in gills of Oncorhynchus mykiss

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Metallothionein and cortisol receptor expression in gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, exposed to dietary cadmium

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Sixteen hours of fasting differentially affects hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in mice

Fasting readily induces hepatic steatosis. Hepatic steatosis is associated with hepatic insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to document the effects of 16 h of fasting in wild-type mice on insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscle in relation to 1) tissue accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) and 2) changes in mRNA expression of metabolically relevant genes. Sixteen hours of fasting did not show an effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity in terms of glucose production in the presence of increased hepatic TG content. In muscle, however, fasting resulted in increased insulin sensitivity, with increased muscle glucose uptake without changes in muscle TG content. In liver, fasting resulted in increased mRNA expression of genes promoting gluconeogenesis and TG synthesis but in decreased mRNA expression of genes involved in glycogenolysis and fatty acid synthesis. In muscle, increased mRNA expression of genes promoting glucose uptake, as well as lipogenesis and β-oxidation, was found. In conclusion, 16 h of fasting does not induce hepatic insulin resistance, although it causes liver steatosis, whereas muscle insulin sensitivity increases without changes in muscle TG content. Therefore, fasting induces differential changes in tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, and liver and muscle TG contents are unlikely to be involved in these changes. Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Chemicals / CAS: glucose, 50-99-7, 84778-64-3; insulin, 9004-10-8; Blood Glucose; Insulin, 11061-68-0; RNA, Messenger; Triglyceride