Explanation of Emotional Schemas (ESs) on Social Relationship in Students with Physical Disability: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Social relationship play an important role in improving the quality of life and promoting mental health and affects physical health and psychological well-being so that people through it, establish their identity and integrate themselves into society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain emotional schemas (ESs) on social relationship in students with physical disability. Method: In this qualitative study, 15 high school students with physical disability were included. Data were collected using purposive sampling method and until data saturation, when the code and new classes were not obtained, the data collection process continued. Information were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews in compliance with the confidentiality of information and participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Totally, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were recorded, and then, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The findings were categorized into 14 sub-themes and 4 main themes including: intrapersonal emotion-focused coping strategies, interpersonal emotion-focused coping strategies, intrapersonal cognitive-focused coping strategies, and interpersonal cognitive-focused coping strategies. Conclusion: According to the experience of the participants, it was revealed that these people use emotion-focused and cognitive-focused coping strategies, interpersonally and interpersonally, to communicate with others. Keywords: Emotional schemas, Social relationship, Students, Physical disability, Qualitative stud

Prediction of Perceived Empathy Based on Emotional Schemas and Resilience in Mothers with Physically-Disabled Children

Objective Disability is a form of damage that limits one or more major life activities of an individual. It is also associated with psychological distress and depression in these individuals, which in turn also cause problems for the concerned families. Consequently, families with disabled children are socially isolated and experience a low-level of mental health and mood. As mothers of disabled children spend more time with them, their adjustment and physical and mental health are more threatened. They are more sensitive to emotional issues and family relationships outside the family. Thus, the present study was conducted to predict the perceived empathy based on emotional schemas and resilience in mothers with disabled children. Materials & Methods This study is a descriptive one, and the statistical population consisted of all mothers with motor-physically disabled children. This study was conducted in 2015-2016 academic year in the city of Tehran. Through purposeful sampling method, 120 samples were selected. Thus among the multiple areas in Tehran, areas 2, 4 and 16 were selected and by referring to special schools with physical-motor disabilities, questionnaires were given to the students. To collect information, Jefferson Scale of Patient's Perceptions of Physician Empathy Questionnaire (jspppe) was used to assess communication skills, human relations, quality, and expertise and medical skills. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was designed to measure the strength to cope with stress, and Emotional Schema Scale Lee Hee (LESS) that is used to determine beliefs and attitudes toward emotion in individuals were developed in 2002 by Lee Hee. Based on emotional schema, these two scales were used to measure 14 schema dimensions. Results Based on the analysis of results and with respect to the establishment of conditions for equality of variances with Levene's test (P&ge;0.05) and normal distribution of data with Shapiro test (P&ge;0.05), parametric tests were used. Given that research has predicted the relationship, the Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions by Enter method &nbsp;were used by using SPSS 23. The results of Pearson correlation showed that domains of emotional validation, superior values, stability, and consensus showed a significant positive correlation with perceived empathy of mothers having children with physical-motor disabilities (P<0.001). It was also found that resiliency has a positive and significant relationship with perceived empathy in mothers with children having physical-motor disabilities (P<0.02). Multiple regression analysis showed the shared variance emotional schemas and resiliency with perceived empathy is 0.46. The main findings of regression analysis, via the enter method, showed that the emotional schema validation, having superior values and resiliency factors have a significant effect in the prediction of perceived empathy of mothers of children with disabilities. Other emotional schemas are not significant impact factors in the prediction of perceived sympathy of mothers with disabled children. Conclusion According to the results, the high resiliency and a positive emotional schemas such as having superior values and validation are predictors of perceived empathy in the mothers of disabled children. This means that the mothers of children with disabilities in dealing with situations when they have more resiliency and and interpret them as positive, are able to communicate more effectively with their surroundings.In this regard, one of the factors is perceived empathy that has a significant impact on the development of personal relationships between individuals and reflects the person's mental health. In addition, it can be used with resiliency and emotional schemas, so therapeutic intervention is implimented with respect to these two variables

Relationship of Deterministic Thinking With Loneliness and Depression in the Elderly

Objectives Deterministic thinking as a destructive factor in disrupting the balance of hope and fear plays an important role in mental health, especially depression and anxiety .This distortion is caused by cognitive inflexibility in the mind. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between deterministic thinking and depression and sense of loneliness in older adults.&nbsp; Methods & Materials The type of study was descriptive-correlational. The population included all the older adults over 60 years who were living in a nursing home in 2014-15 in Karaj. Of them, 142 individuals were selected (male and female) by available sampling method. They were then asked to respond to deterministic thinking questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and UCLA loneliness scale. The data collected were imported to AMOS software and analyzed by path analysis model.&nbsp; Results The results of the path analysis model showed that deterministic thinking has a significant and positive relationship with depression (P=0.001) and sense of loneliness variable (P=0.001). It also has a significant effect on the prediction of sense of loneliness and depression with effect size of 0.26 and 0.28, respectively. The mean age was 67.2 years for women and 65.4 years for men. The mean score deterministic thinking, sense of loneliness and depression in women and men respectively were 118/50, 70/80, and 12/55. Conclusion According to the results, it can be said that deterministic thinking has a significant relationship with depression and sense of loneliness in older adults. So, deterministic thinking acts as a predictor of depression and sense of loneliness in older adults. Therefore, psychological interventions for challenging cognitive distortion of deterministic thinking and attention to mental health in older adult are very important.&nbsp