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Gender differences in promotions and scholarly productivity in academic urology.
IntroductionThe gender demographics within urology are changing as more women are entering the workforce. Since research productivity strongly influence career advancement, we aim to characterize gender differences in scholarly productivity and promotions in a cohort of graduated academic urologists.Materials and methodsUrologists who graduated between 2002 and 2008 from 34 residency programs affiliated with the top 50 urology hospitals as ranked in 2009 by U.S. News & World Report were followed longitudinally. Only urologists affiliated with an academic teaching hospital were included for analysis.ResultsA total of 543 residents graduated, 459 (84.5%) males and 84 (15.5%) females. Of these, 173 entered academia, 137 (79.2%) males and 36 (20.8%) females. Women had fewer publications compared to men (mean 19.3 versus 61.7, p = 0.001). Fewer women compared to men were promoted from assistant professor 11 (30.6%) versus 83 (60.6%), p = 0.005. Fewer women achieved associate professor 10 (27.8%) versus 67 (48.9%), p = 0.005 or professor ranks 1 (2.8%) versus 16 (11.7%), p = 0.005 respectively compared to men. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, after controlling for the number of total publications and number of years since graduation, gender was not predictive of achieving promotion, OR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.31-2.13), p = 0.673.ConclusionsWomen are underrepresented in senior faculty roles in urology. Scholarly productivity seems to play a major role in academic promotion within urology. With increasing women in academic urology, further studies are needed to explore predictors of promotion and how women can achieve higher leadership roles in the field
Heteroactivation of cytochrome P450 1A1 by teas and tea polyphenols
1. We studied 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase as an index of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) activity in liver microsomes from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. The enzyme had complex kinetics compatible with a multisite model. 2. At 1 μM substrate, brewed black, green and white teas had complex effects on enzyme activity consisting of activation at low concentrations and inhibition at higher concentrations. 3. Data fit well to a two-site model that allowed us to determine maximal activation (% increase above control), pEC(50) for activation (g ml(−1)) and pIC(50) for inhibition (g ml(−1)). These parameters were 190±40, 5.9±0.1 and 4.51±0.09 for green tea, 350±40, 5.43±0.05 and 5.43±0.05 for black tea and 230±80, 5.3±0.3 and 4.7±0.2 for white tea, respectively. 4. The effects of the brewed teas were mimicked to different degrees by the green tea polyphenols. Maximal activation, pEC(50) (M) and pIC(50) (M) were: (−)-epicatechin, 55±9, 5.4±0.3, 2±1; (−)-epicatechin gallate, 160±60, 6.2±0.3, 5.28±0.06; (−)-epigallocatechin 30±10, 6.5±0.5, 3.37±0.08; and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate 130±40, 6.7±0.3, 5.0±0.1. A crude extract of black tea polyphenols inhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, but did not cause enzyme activation consistently. 5. Enzyme activation was dependent upon substrate concentration. 6. Heteroactivation of CYP1A1 may partially explain the lack of agreement between biological and epidemiological evidence of a role for tea in cancer prevention