0.5 Petabyte Simulation of a 45-Qubit Quantum Circuit

Near-term quantum computers will soon reach sizes that are challenging to directly simulate, even when employing the most powerful supercomputers. Yet, the ability to simulate these early devices using classical computers is crucial for calibration, validation, and benchmarking. In order to make use of the full potential of systems featuring multi- and many-core processors, we use automatic code generation and optimization of compute kernels, which also enables performance portability. We apply a scheduling algorithm to quantum supremacy circuits in order to reduce the required communication and simulate a 45-qubit circuit on the Cori II supercomputer using 8,192 nodes and 0.5 petabytes of memory. To our knowledge, this constitutes the largest quantum circuit simulation to this date. Our highly-tuned kernels in combination with the reduced communication requirements allow an improvement in time-to-solution over state-of-the-art simulations by more than an order of magnitude at every scale

Auctions with Variable Supply: Uniform Price versus Discriminatory

We examine an auction in which the seller determines the supply after observing the bids. We compare the uniform price and the discriminatory auction in a setting of supply uncertainty. Uncertainty is caused by the interplay of two factors: the seller's private information about marginal cost, and the seller's incentive to sell the profit-maximizing quantity given the received bids. In every symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium, bidders submit higher bids in the uniform price auction than in the discriminatory auction. In the two-bidder case this result extends to the set of rationalizable strategies. As a consequence, we find that the uniform price auction generates higher expected revenue for the seller and higher trade volume.sealed bid multi-unit auctions, variable supply auctions, discriminatory and uniform price auctions, subgame perfect equilibria, rationalizable strategies

Uniform vs. Discriminatory Auctions with Variable Supply - Experimental Evidence

In the variable supply auction considered here, the seller decides how many costumers with unit demand to serve after observing their bids. Bidders are uncertain about the seller's cost. We experimentally investigate whether a uniform or a discriminatory price auction is better for the seller in this setting. Exactly as predicted by theory, it turns out that the uniform price auction produces substantially higher bids, and consequently yields higher revenues and profits for the seller. Somewhat surprisingly but again predicted by theory, it also yields a higher number of transactions, which makes it the more efficient auction format.auctions, experiment, discriminatory, uniform

Uniform vs. Discriminatory Auctions with Variable Supply - Experimental Evidence

In the variable supply auction considered here, the seller decides how many costumers with unit demand to serve after observing their bids. Bidders are uncertain about the seller's cost. We experimentally investigate whether a uniform or a discriminatory price auction is better for the seller in this setting. Exactly as predicted by theory, it turns out that the uniform price auction produces substantially higher bids, and consequently yields higher revenues and profits for the seller. Somewhat surprisingly but again predicted by theory, it also yields a higher number of transactions, which makes it the more efficient auction format.

Cooperation, Culture and Shared Values – Poland and Its Neighbourhood

The aim of the paper is the idea of cooperation as an undervalued element of the system of market economy. The system has been dominated by competition despite the wishes of its founding father, Adam Smith. Several other authors have also pointed to the fact and proposed to focus more on cooperation in order to keep economy in balance with society. Excessive reliance on the competition hurt people’s relationships and undermined their place in the economic system. The significance of cooperation rises when combined with the idea of culture and shared values. Chosen methods of assessing values as related to economic development are mentioned. The World Values Survey (WVS) results are used to assess the proximity of the values of the neighbouring countries of Poland. Despite changes in the composition of the values in Poland and the countries, the analysis shows that a great deal of these values are common which may potentially enhance potential international cooperation among these [email protected]ł Ekonomii, Uniwersytet RzeszowskiAtalik G., Fischer M. M. (eds.) 2002 Regional Development Reconsidered, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56194-8.Axelrod R., Hamilton W. D. 1981 The Evolution of Cooperation “Science, New Series” Vol. 211, No. 4489, pp. 1390-1396.Banfield E. 1958 The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, Free Press, New York.Boaz D. 2011 Competition and Cooperation, [in:] The Morality of Capitalism, T. G. Palmer (ed.), Jameson Books, Inc., Ottawa, Illinois.Boulding K. E. 1972 Toward the Development of a Cultural Economics, “Social Science Quarterly”, Vol. 53, No. 2 pp. 267-284.Branderburger A. M., Nalebuff B. J. 1996 Coopetition, Currency Doubleday, New York.Chartrand H. H. 1990 The Hard Facts: Perspectives of Cultural Economics [in:] Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 1989, Fifth Series, Vol. IV, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.Coleman J. S. 1990 Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Collins English Dictionary, Third edition 1991.Deutsch M. 2011 Cooperation and Competition [in:] Conflict, Interdependence, and Justice. (ed.) P. T. Coleman, Springer, New York, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9994-8_2.Fischer M. M. 2002 A Systemic Approach to Innovation [in:] Regional Development Reconsidered (eds.) Atalik G., Fischer M. M., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Fukuyama F. 1995 Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, Free Press, New York.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. 2006 Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes? “Journal of Economic Perspectives” Vol. 20, No. 2 pp. 23-48.Harrison L. E., Huntington S. P. (eds.) 2000 Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, Basic Books, New York.Hofstede G. 1991 Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London.Ims, K. J., Jakobsen O. D. 2010 Competition or Cooperation? A Required Shift in the Metaphysics of Economics [in:] The Collaborative Enterprise: Creating Values for a Sustainable World (eds.) A. Tencati, L. Zsolnai, Peter Lang, Oxford.Inglehart R., Welzel C. 2005 Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy. The Human Development Sequence, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.Inglehart R., Welzel C. 2015 World Values Survey. Findings and Insights, accessed at [www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp on 14.05.2015].Kim Y. J., Lee C. 2015 Social values and economic dynamics "Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control” 53 (2015) pp. 69–84.Landes D. 1998 The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, Norton & Company Inc., New York.North D. C. 1990 Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Nowak M. 2012 Why We Help “Scientific American” Vol. 307, Issue 1, pp. 34-39.Nozick R. 1974 Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.Patchell J. 1996 Kaleidoscope Economies: The Process of Cooperation, Competition, and Control in Regional Economic Development “Annals of the Association of American Geographers” 86(3), pp. 481-506.Porter M. E., Kramer M. R. 2011 Creating Shared Value “Harvard Business Review, Vol. 89 Issue 1/2 pp. 62-77.Putnam R. 1993 Making Democracy Work, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Rubin P. H. 2014 Emporiophobia (Fear of Markets): Cooperation or Competition? “Southern Economic Journal” 80(4), pp. 875-889.Smith A. 1776 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations, J. B. Wight (ed.), Harriman House, Petersfield, Hampshire (2007).Smith A. 1759 The Theory of Moral Sentiments (ed.) K. Haakonssen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002).Smith V. L. 1998 The Two Faces of Adam Smith, “Southern Economic Journal”, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jul., 1998) pp. 2-19.Soros G. 1997 The Capitalist Threat “The Atlantic Monthly”, February 1997, Vol. 279, No. 2, pp. 45-58.Taylor T. 2015 The Blurry Line Between Competition and Cooperation, accessed at [http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2015/Taylorcompetition.html# on 5.05.2015].Trompenaars F., Hampden-Turner C. 1998 Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London.Tyler T. R. 2011 Why People Cooperate. The Role of Social Motivations, Princeton University Press, Princeton.Voss, J. 2012 Capitalism: It’s as Much About Cooperation as Competition “Enterprising Investor” 16 July 2012, accessed at [http://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2012/ 07/16/capitalism-it-is-as-much-about-cooperation-as-competition/, on 5.05.2015].Wilkin J. 1997 Efektywność a sprawiedliwość jako problem ekonomiczny [in:] Efektywność a sprawiedliwość, (ed.) J. Wilkin, Key Text, Warszawa.Wimmer A. 2013 Ethnic Boundary Making: Institutions, Power, Networks, Oxford University Press, New York.World Values Survey 1999-2014 Online Data Analysis, accessed at [www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp on 6.01.2016].47-576(78)475