Les racines populaires de l’art de la propagande communiste en Chine : des gravures sur bois du Mouvement pour la nouvelle xylographie (xinxin banhua 新新版畫) aux nouvelles estampes du Nouvel An (xin nianhua 新年畫)

This article discusses the folk origins of Communist political art in China which emerged in rural areas during the period of the anti-Japanese war (1937-1945). The introduction of the New Woodcut Movement in the mid-1930s in Shanghai and Canton under the supervision of the writer, Lu Xun, marked the beginning of artistic practices favouring the use of print media in order to establish a more direct contact with the lower strata of the population. But black and white woodblock, created by educated intellectuals in an urban environment, proved unappealing to peasant audiences after artists moved to the rural areas of North-West China due to the outbreak of the War. A shift occurred towards the popular language of the peasants’ New Year Prints (nianhua), in the liberated areas controlled by Communist troops. By adopting Mao’s pro-rural political discourse and appropriating folk visual practices, the urban origins of the woodblock were altered into a new visual idiom, which used formal elements derived from folk heritage, but was partially regulated by aesthetics associated with the artists’ previous academic training. The article concludes by arguing that the form of political art created in these circumstances has continued to influence the artistic production of the People’s Republic of China after its founding in 1949.Cet article introduit les origines folkloriques et populaires de l’art politique du Parti communiste chinois, qui naquit dans les zones rurales pendant la période de la guerre anti-japonaise (1937-1945). Le début du Mouvement pour la nouvelle xylographie au milieu des années 1930 à Shanghai et à Canton, sous l’égide de l’écrivain Lu Xun, signa le passage à une pratique artistique concentrée sur l’usage de la gravure afin d’établir des contacts avec les milieux défavorisés de la population. Mais, une fois que les artistes se transférèrent dans les zones du Nord-Ouest du pays au début de la guerre, les estampes en noir et blanc produites dans des zones urbaines ne s’adaptaient pas aux goûts de la population rurale. La propagande visuelle s’orienta alors vers le genre des estampes du Nouvel An (nianhua) traditionnellement utilisé par les paysans dans les zones libérées puis controlées par l’armée communiste. Avec l’adoption des théories maoïstes en faveur de la culture paysanne et l’usage de ces estampes populaires, la xylographie, d’origine urbaine, fut transformée en un genre nouveau utilisant des éléments dérivés de l’héritage populaire, mais partiellement soumis à l’esthétique provenant de la formation académique des artistes. L’article conclut en affirmant que l’art politique créé dans ces circonstances définit une partie de la production artistique de la République populaire après sa fondation en 1949.Dal Lago Francesca. Les racines populaires de l’art de la propagande communiste en Chine : des gravures sur bois du Mouvement pour la nouvelle xylographie (xinxin banhua 新新版畫) aux nouvelles estampes du Nouvel An (xin nianhua 新年畫). In: Arts asiatiques, tome 66, 2011. pp. 225-238

The effect of different compatibilizers on the properties of a post-industrial PC/PET blend

The substitution of virgin resins by recycled ones is a worldwide tendency that is supported by the fluctuation of oil prices and the transition to a circular economy. Polymeric blends have been intensively studied because of their ability to provide tailored properties for particular applications. However, in their design phases, the issue of end-life re-use had not been well addressed, and now difficulties in their recycling are arising. In this study, we investigated the effect of three different compatibilizers: two chain extenders (CEs), (1) a styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAo), and (2) methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and an impact strength modifier, (3) an ethylene copolymer (EMAco), for the recycle of a post-industrial polycarbonate/polyethylene terephthalate (PC/PET) blend. The materials were prepared by reactive extrusion and characterized by intrinsic viscosity (IV) measurements, mechanical tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The introduction of each additive has been demonstrated to improve the compatibility between PET and PC in the post-industrial blend, leading to enhanced mechanical properties. The IV measurements increased to values that were comparable to the virgin material. In addition, CEs affected the crystallization of PET (as they reduced the degree of crystallinity), while EMAco acted as a nucleating agent. Morphological analysis enabled confirming the compatibilization effects induced by the tested additives

Oral Antioxidant Treatment of Men Significantly Improves the Reproductive Outcome of IVF Cycles

Some 30% to 80% of male sub-fertility may be associated with oxidative stress that damages spermatozoa and can decrease success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques. This multicenter, longitudinal, prospective study aimed to investigate whether oral antioxidant supplementation improved the reproductive competence of men who had had low fertilization rates in their previous intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles without azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia or any identifiable andrological disease. Seventy-seven men from couples who had an ICSI attempt with unexplained p = 0.027), total motile sperm count (p = 0.003), progressive motility (p < 0.0001), and a decreasing trend of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa. Embryological outcomes (fertilization, embryo quality, blastocyst development) were significantly higher in T90 than T0 cycles. No T0 cycle resulted in an evolutive pregnancy. Conversely, in T90 cycles 29 singleton clinical pregnancies were obtained. No negative neonatal outcomes were recorded in newborns after antioxidant treatment. Diet supplementation of men who have had low fertilization rates in their previous ICSI cycles with a combination of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, betaine, and vitamins may improve semen reproductive potential and ICSI clinical outcome

Il discorso ambiguo sulle migrazioni

International audienceSono riuniti in questo volume i contributi di vari studiosi, nella speranza che possano essere utili a quanti sono interessati alla comprensione dellemigrazioni. La prospettiva interpretativa e di analisi aspira a sollecitare uno certo sforzo pluridisciplinare, in particolare, il tentativo d'articolare diacronia esincronia, macro e micro, qualitativo e quantitativo e la comparazione. Nell'analisi dei discorsi riguardanti le migrazioni possiamo trovare sia quelli destinati alla selezione e all'inquadramento - la governamentalità come insieme delle pratiche, non necessariamente statali, ma anche intellettuali e tecniche ecc. - sia i discorsi che giustificano e orientano le pratiche d'esclusione, di rigetto, di persecuzione e la guerra contro il nemico diturno. In altre parole, si è di fronte ai discorsi che forgiano dispositivi e pratiche di dominio