Change in plasma cytokine levels after radiation treatment of mice.

<p>Mice were treated with or without 3 g/kg ascorbic acid immediately after 7.5 Gy WBI. Plasma IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-α (C) and IFN-γ (D) levels were measured at 0 (before radiation), 7 and 14 days after WBI. N = 5 in each group.</p

Survival of mice following 1 or 2 treatments with ascorbic acid (3 g/kg) after WBI.

<p>After receiving 7.5 Gy WBI, mice were treated with 2 courses of ascorbic acid (1.5 g/kg × 2, immediately and 24 h after radiation, 3 g/kg in total), or a single administration (3 g/kg, immediately after radiation), or without administration, and their survival was monitored (A). Plasma levels of free radical metabolites were also measured 7 and 14 days after WBI (B). N = 15 in each group.</p

Treatment of Irradiated Mice with High-Dose Ascorbic Acid Reduced Lethality

<div><p>Ascorbic acid is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Therefore, it is expected that ascorbic acid should act as a radioprotectant. We investigated the effects of post-radiation treatment with ascorbic acid on mouse survival. Mice received whole body irradiation (WBI) followed by intraperitoneal administration of ascorbic acid. Administration of 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid immediately after exposure significantly increased mouse survival after WBI at 7 to 8 Gy. However, administration of less than 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid was ineffective, and 4 or more g/kg was harmful to the mice. Post-exposure treatment with 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in bone marrow cells and restored hematopoietic function. Treatment with ascorbic acid (3 g/kg) up to 24 h (1, 6, 12, or 24 h) after WBI at 7.5 Gy effectively improved mouse survival; however, treatments beyond 36 h were ineffective. Two treatments with ascorbic acid (1.5 g/kg × 2, immediately and 24 h after radiation, 3 g/kg in total) also improved mouse survival after WBI at 7.5 Gy, accompanied with suppression of radiation-induced free radical metabolites. In conclusion, administration of high-dose ascorbic acid might reduce radiation lethality in mice even after exposure.</p></div

Plasma levels of ascorbic acid after radiation with or without ascorbic acid treatment.

<p>Mice were or were not treated with 7.5 Gy WBI. Subsequently, 3 g/kg ascorbic acid or saline was administered. Data show means ± SE from 5 mice.</p><p>*, p < 0.01 vs ascorbic acid (-).</p><p>Plasma levels of ascorbic acid after radiation with or without ascorbic acid treatment.</p

Mouse survival as a function of the time of post-exposure treatment with ascorbic acid.

<p>Mice were subjected to 7.5 Gy WBI. They were subsequently treated with 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid after 1, 6, 12 or 24 h (A) or 36 or 48 h (B). N = 15 in each group.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Hyperfibrinolysis in severe isolated traumatic brain injury may occur without tissue hypoperfusion: a retrospective observational multicentre study

Institutional Review Board of each hospital. (ODS 13 kb