U.S. response to an Oil Import Disruption Role of the Federal Government in Light Duty Vehicle Transportation

This report analyzes technological and policy options for the U.S. federal government response within the light duty vehicle (LDV) sector in the event of a 5 year sustained U.S. oil import curtailment of 5 MMB/D and a global supply disruption of roughly 18 MMB/D. The cause of the oil disruption is damage to the oil production infrastructure in the Middle East; therefore, it is public knowledge that the disruption will be sustained

Targeted Notch1 inhibition with a Notch1 antibody, OMP-A2G1, decreases tumor growth in two murine models of prostate cancer in association with differing patterns of DNA damage response gene expression

Notch plays a protumorigenic role in many cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Global notch inhibition of multiple Notch family members using γ-secretase inhibitors has shown efficacy in suppressing PCa growth in murine models. However, global Notch inhibition is associated with marked toxicity due to the widespread function of many different Notch family members in normal cell physiology. Accordingly, in the current study, we explored if specific inhibition of Notch1 would effectively inhibit PCa growth in a murine model. The androgen-dependent VCaP and androgen-independent DU145 cell lines were injected subcutaneously into mice. The mice were treated with either control antibody 1B7.11, anti-Notch1 antibody (OMP-A2G1), docetaxel or the combination of OMP-A2G1 and docetaxel. Tumor growth was measured using calipers. At the end of the study, tumors were assessed for proliferative response, apoptotic response, Notch target gene expression, and DNA damage response (DDR) expression. OMP-A2G1 alone inhibited tumor growth of both PCa cell lines to a greater extent than docetaxel alone. There was no additive or synergistic effect of OMP-A2G1 and docetaxel. The primary toxicity was weight loss that was controlled with dietary supplementation. Proliferation and apoptosis were affected differentially in the two cell lines. OMP-A2G1 increased expression of the DDR gene GADD45α in VCaP cells but downregulated GADD45α in Du145 cells. Taken together, these data show that Notch1 inhibition decreases PCa xenograft growth but does so through different mechanisms in the androgen-dependent VCaP cell line vs the androgen-independent DU145 cell line. These results provide a rationale for further exploration of targeted Notch inhibition for therapy of PCa.We examined whether specific inhibition of Notch1, as opposed to global inhibition of multiple Notch molecules, would effectively inhibit PCa growth in a murine model. We showed that anti-Notch1 (OMP-A2G1) treatment in androgen-dependent VCaP and androgen-independent DU145 xenograft were effective in reducing tumor growth through different mechanisms.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151373/1/jcb28954.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151373/2/jcb28954_am.pd

Vertedouros em degraus com pré-aeração por um defletor : características do escoamento

Stepped spillways aim to dissipate part of the upstream energy during the flow passage by the chute. However, the use of these structures is limited to a restrict range of specific discharges due to the risk of cavitation damage. As the air entrainment into the flow assists the concrete protection against the aforementioned damages, a possible solution by aerators installed along the chute, already disseminated to smooth chutes, is being studied to be used also in stepped spillways. The purpose of the present paper is to characterize a flow over a stepped chute with induced aeration by deflector and air supply by an airtight chamber trough tests conducted on a reduced scale physical model. The main regions observed during the tests are presented and were developed four equations that allow to approximately predict the location of the main regions for a given spillway.Vertedouros em degraus têm por objetivo dissipar, ao longo da calha, uma parcela da energia do escoamento. No entanto, a utilização dessas estruturas está limitada a uma restrita faixa de vazões específicas devido aos riscos de cavitação e erosão. Como a introdução de ar no escoamento permite a proteção do concreto contra os danos mencionados, uma possível solução por aeradores instalados ao longo da calha, já difundida para calhas lisas, está sendo estudada para ser utilizada também em vertedouros em degraus. A presente pesquisa tem o propósito de caracterizar um escoamento sobre vertedouros em degraus com aeração induzida por defletor e fornecimento de ar por uma câmara de ar através de ensaios realizados em um modelo físico reduzido. São apresentadas zonas e posições características do escoamento observadas durante os ensaios e também, quatro equações que permitem calcular, aproximadamente, a sua localização em um protótipo

Dynamic twisting and imaging of moir\'e crystals

The electronic band structure is an intrinsic property of solid-state materials that is intimately connected to the crystalline arrangement of atoms. Moir\'e crystals, which emerge in twisted stacks of atomic layers, feature a band structure that can be continuously tuned by changing the twist angle between adjacent layers. This class of artificial materials blends the discrete nature of the moir\'e superlattice with intrinsic symmetries of the constituent materials, providing a versatile platform for investigation of correlated phenomena whose origins are rooted in the geometry of the superlattice, from insulating states at "magic angles" to flat bands in quasicrystals. Here we present a route to mechanically tune the twist angle of individual atomic layers with a precision of a fraction of a degree inside a scanning probe microscope, which enables continuous control of the electronic band structure in-situ. Using nanostructured rotor devices, we achieve the collective rotation of a single layer of atoms with minimal deformation of the crystalline lattice. In twisted bilayer graphene, we demonstrate nanoscale control of the moir\'e superlattice period via external rotations, as revealed using piezoresponse force microscopy. We also extend this methodology to create twistable boron nitride devices, which could enable dynamic control of the domain structure of moir\'e ferroelectrics. This approach provides a route for real-time manipulation of moir\'e materials, allowing for systematic exploration of the phase diagrams at multiple twist angles in a single device

Aeração induzida em vertedouros em degraus: pressões médias, entrada de ar e comportamento do escoamento

Stepped spillways can dissipate a great amount of energy during the flow passage over the chute, however these structures have limited operation due to the risk of cavitation damage. The induced aeration may protect the concrete chute through the air concentration near the channel bottom. Furthermore, some research studies have indicated that the presence of air in flows may reduce the mean pressures. The present research aims to analyze mean pressures, air entrainment coefficient and flow behavior over a stepped spillway with aeration induced by two different deflectors, comparing the results to natural aeration flow. Despite the jet impact influence, the induced aeration does not change significantly the mean pressures compared to natural aeration flow. The air entrainment coefficient, as well as the jet impact position, is higher for the deflector with the longer extension and, although air bubbles can be seen throughout the extension of the chute due to the air entrainment through the inferior flow surface, the induced aeration did not anticipate the boundary layer inception point position.Vertedouros em degraus dissipam uma grande quantidade de energia durante a passagem do escoamento pela calha, porém essas estruturas tem sua operação limitada devido a riscos de danos por cavitação. A aeração induzida pode agir protegendo a calha de concreto através da concentração de ar próximo ao fundo do canal. Além disso, algumas pesquisas têm indicado que a presença de ar em escoamentos pode reduzir as pressões médias. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as pressões médias, coeficiente de entrada de ar e o comportamento do escoamento sobre uma calha em degraus com dois diferentes defletores, comparando os resultados com um escoamento com aeração natural. Além da influência no ponto de impacto do jato, a aeração induzida não alterou, significantemente, as pressões medias em relação a um escoamento com aeração natural. O coeficiente de entrada de ar, assim como a posição de impacto do jato, é maior para o defletor mais extenso e, embora bolhas de ar possam ser identificadas ao longo de toda a extensão da calha, devido à entrada de ar através da superfície inferior do escoamento, a aeração induzida não antecipou a posição de afloramento da camada limite