Abnormal regional homogeneity (ReHo) changes between groups.

<p>Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo in the insula, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the cuneus were shown similarly in the whole migraine patients without aura (MWoA) group (Figure 2.a), SDS (+) group (Figure 2.b) and SDS (−) group (Figure 2.c) (p < 0.05, FWE corrected), which was indicate by a cool color. It is noteworthy that the caudate showed increased ReHo in the SDS (−) group compared with healthy controls (at the bottom of Figure 2.c shown in a warm color), and compared with the SDS (+) group (at the bottom of Figure 2.d in a cool color) (p < 0.05, FWE corrected). As indicated by the straight lines with the arrow, the average ReHo values of the caudate in Figure 2.c was significantly positively correlated with duration of migraine in the SDS (−) group separately. (SDS (+) group: migraine patients without aura with high depressive symptoms, self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores > 49; SDS (−) group: migraine patients without aura with low depressive symptoms, SDS scores ≤ 49.)</p

Clinical details of MwoA patients and healthy controls.

<p>Data are mean±standard deviation.</p>*<p>Information on migraine attacks during the past 4 weeks.</p><p>MwoA, migraines without aura.</p

ICN group and difference maps.

<p>A. Spatial group maps of three important pain-related ICNs (DMN, CEN and SN) covering all participants (including the HC and MwoA patients), with the CEN split into a right and left lateralized network (<i>P</i><0.05, FWE corrected); B. Group comparison maps of the DMN, CEN, and SN contrasting MwoA versus HC (MwoA>HC, <i>P</i><0.05, FWE corrected). Of the ICNs evaluated, intrinsic connectivity demonstrated significant differences between MwoA patients and HC. MwoA patients showed greater intra-network connectivity within the right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG) for the rCEN and left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG) for the lCEN, and decreased intra-network connectivity within the right supplementary motor area (rSMA) for the SN. MwoA patients also demonstrated greater intrinsic DMN connectivity to the rAI and lAI, and greater intrinsic rCEN connectivity to the rAI. ICN = intrinsic connectivity network; DMN = default mode network; rCEN = right central executive network; lCEN = left central executive network; SN = salience network; rAI = right anterior insula; lAI = left anterior insula; rMFG = right middle frontal gyrus; lIFG = left inferior frontal gyrus; rSMA = right supplementary motor area; MwoA = migraines without aura; HC = healthy control; FWE = family-wise error.</p

Dispositional measurement of empathy and ratings of unpleasantness in two groups.

<p>ECS: emotional contagion scale; SPQ: situational pain questionnaire; IRI: interpersonal reaction index; PT: perspective taking; EC: empathic concern; PD: personal distress; FS: fantasy; SD: standard deviation;</p>*<p><b>denotes the item that shows significant difference between the acupuncturists and NA (</b><b><i>p<0.05</i></b><b>).</b></p

The schematic diagram of tactile-motor procedures during acupuncture manipulation.

<p>The schematic diagram for the feedback loop underlying tactile-motor procedures in the process of acupuncture. The patients’ concurrent bodily response to each round of needling manipulation is transmitted to acupuncturist through the fine needle. The acupuncturist distinguishes the subtle difference between the actual tactile sensation and the expected one. The tactile discrimination is followed by motor planning procedure in which the next-step plan of method of needling manipulation, frequency and intensity of rotation is generated. Then, the postural configuration from the motor plan is executed as acupuncturist’s fine and coordinated finger movement over the needles. This feedback loop is repeated until the target response is obtained.</p

Cerebellar VBM differences between groups (<i>p<0.01, corrected</i>) and regression analysis (<i>p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected)</i>.

<p>The GMV differences in cerebellar regions between groups. Positive linear correlations were found between GMV in the right lobule V/VI and the duration of acupuncture practice. All images are shown as (1-p) corrected <i>p</i>-value images at the threshold of <i>p</i><0.01, corrected. The corresponding t values are provided. The Lobule V/VI was displayed in the axial view (the upper figure) and the coronal view (the lower figure) using MRIcroN.</p

Cerebral VBM differences between groups (<i>p<0.01, corrected</i>) and regression analysi<i>s (p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected)</i>.

<p>The GMV differences in cerebral regions between groups. Positive linear correlations were found between GMV in the left SI and the duration of acupuncture practice. All images are shown as (1-p) corrected <i>p</i>-value images at the threshold of <i>p</i><0.01, corrected. The corresponding <i>t</i> values are provided. The vACC/VMPFC was displayed in the sagittal view, and SI in the axial view (on the left side) and the coronal view (on the right side) using MRIcro. vACC/VMPFC: ventral anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex; primary somatosensory cortex: SI.</p

Functional connectivity analysis results between migraine patients and healthy controls.

<p>a). Relative to healthy controls, migraine patients without aura showed increased RSFC between the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (Figure3. a). With regards to the right ACC, the migraine patients without aura showed increased RSFC in the bilateral OFC.</p

Subject demographics for adolescents with online gaming addiction (age range: 17–22 years) and control groups (age ranges: 17–21 years).

<p>The education level was matched between the addiction group (education range: 12–13 years) and control group (education range: 12–13 years). The more detailed information, which was described as Mean ± SD (range: min-max), can be found in the table.</p

Clinical information of migraine patients without aura and healthy controls (mean ± SD).

<p>Clinical information of migraine patients without aura and healthy controls (mean ± SD).</p