Midwater fish data report for warm-core Gulf Stream rings cruises 1981-1982

This data report is for midwater fishes collected during the multidisciplinary Warm-Core Rings Program in 1981 and 1982. Stations were made in and near three warm-core rings on five cruises within a period of 14 months. On Atlantis II cruise 110 (September-October 1981) six stations were made in and around ring 81-D (age two months). Stations were made in the vicinity of ring 82-B on three cruises in 1982--twelve stations during Oceanus 118 (April) when the ring was two months old, 15 stations during Oceanus 121 (June) at age four months, and 19 stations during Oceanus 125 (August) at age 5.5 months. Finally, twelve stations were made in and near meander/ring 82-H (age 0) during Knorr 98 in September/October 1982 (Tables 1-10). The collections were made with a new midwater trawl - the MOCNESS-20 (MOC-20) (Wiebe et al., 1985), a scaled-up version of the MOCNESS-1 (an apparatus for collecting zooplankton; Wiebe et al., 1976) and successor to the MOCNESS-10 (like the MOC-20, a midwater trawl). (The number forming the distinctive part of the name of these nets is equal to the area of the projected mouth in square meters when the apparatus is in a common fishing attitude.) The MOC-20 consists of a set of 3-mm mesh rectangular nets that can be opened and closed by command from the surface via a signal-conducting towing warp. Apparatus attached to the net frame measures and transmits depth, temperature, conductivity, flow, and net-frame angle to the towing ship's laboratory. Flow (net speed), vertical velocity, and net-frame angle allow computation of the water volume filtered . On the WCR cruises a set of five or six nets was used. One net (not used for quantitative analyses) was fished down to 1000 m, then closed and a second net opened. The second and successive nets were closed and opened sequentially at intervals as the apparatus was brought back to the surface. A surface-to-surface cycle with the gear is referred to as a station, the contents of a single net as a collection. In addition to be1ng described by latitude and longitude, stat1ons are located in the same radial coordinate system used to composite the warm-core rings physical data, that is, by distance and bearing from the moving ring center.Funding was provided by the National Scten.ce Foundation under Grant Numbers OCE 80-17270 and OCE 86-20402

Numbers of calling whales in the North Pacific

Since November 1995, the U. S. Navy's Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other hydrophone arrays were used to regularly sample the occurance of whale sounds in the four regions bordering the continental margins across the North Pacific. The numbers of whales heard calling varied with the season and location for each species, Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculas), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). For blue whales, calling during the fall season averaged 5 whales per event, winter averaged 1.5 whales per event, spring averaged 1 whale, and summer averaged 1.5 whales. For fin whales the number of whales heard ("F" calls from individuals) during winter averaged 3 whales per event, spring and fall calling averaged 1.5 whales, and summer averaged 1 whale. The "J" calling events, regardless of season, were judged to be from at least 6 fin whales. Humpback singing typically was from 3 whales. These numbers demonstrated seasonal variations in calling whales for each region.Funding was provided by CNO N45 Environmental Program and US Army Corps of Engineers (DCA87-00-H-0026) with funding from the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program

Documentation for the CETACEA database of marine mammal literature references

This documentation for the CETACEA database of marine mammal literature references updates and expands the original work by Watkins, Bird, Moore, and Tyack 1988 (Reference Database Marine Mammal Literature, Technical Report WHOI-88-2). The CETACEA database is a comprehensive index of literature references used to file, store, search, retrieve, and format the data on marine animals. Organization of the references is complementary to features developed by William E. Schevill for his library of older cetacea literature, having direct association of species with over 300 indexed subjects, and with observation dates, locations, etc. This documentation describes the operation of the database (360 records), including indexing, sorting, and retrieval information developed though continued use of these systems. SPECIES and SUBJECT HEADING lists with their codes have been updated. Other databases have also developed around these indexing and sorting strategies to complement the CETACEA database, including databases of animal sounds for both the recordng data and the acoustic spectral information stored in libraries of digital sound cuts.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Contract Number N00014-88-K-0273

Distinctions in sound patterns of calls by killer whales (Orcinus Orca) from analysis of computer sound features

Calls of killer whales, Orcinus orca, were analyzed using computed sound features to classify sound patterns and identify call similarties. Calls were classified and separated according to the podfamily group within clans identified previously by John Ford (U. BC) in the Vancouver whale populations. Acoustic characteristics of the same call type from different individuals were extremely similar, so that discriminating these different sounds was the goal. The WHOI AcouStat program and associated database systems were used to define numerical statistics for each call, and then, these were compared to sort and classify the sounds. The results were in agreement with Ford's descriptions of the calls derived from visual inspection of sound spectrograms of calls. The classification analyses demonstrated that although specific shared calls from different killer whales were much alike, they could be sorted by the pod/subpod of the whales producing the calls. A typical analysis, for example, of the N4 call from Clan A (Vancouver, BC), classified 97% of the calls correctly according to the pod/family of the whales producing the calls. Remaining calls were variant, and likely a result of individual differences in call sounds. Similar classification analysis were tested on unsorted, unalyzed recordings from different populations of whales, and these too could be distinguished, with 98.5% correct separation of the calls

Distribution of calling blue, fin, and humpback whales in the North Pacific

May also be cited as: WHOI-00-12The seasonal distribution of calling ble whales (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (B. physalus), and singing humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) has been analyzed from acoustic data recorded by the U.S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other hydrophone arrays in the North Pacific. The data from ten arrays were selected as representative of four Regions along the continental margins, labeled Northwest (NW), NorthCentral (NC), Northeast (NE), and Southeast (SE). The call data indicate that there is a substantial population of blue whales scattered over the North Pacific and concentrated during the Fall season in the NW and NC Regions. Blue whale calls are recorded in all seasons, particularly in these NW and NC Regions. Fin whales are found in groups but also in relatively large numbers in all Regions, with most calling in the Winter season and in the NC Region, while calling is absent in most Regions during Summer. Fin whale calling includes "F" calls from individuals heard in all seasons and "J" calls from too many whales to separate, particularly prominent in the winter reproductive season. Humpback singing is recorded most in the both the NC and SE Regions between the 1996-1997 and 1998-2000 periods.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-96-1-1130 CNO-N45 Environmental Program and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (DCA87-00/H-0026) with funds from the Department of Defense Legacy Reseource Management Program

SOUND database of marine animal vocalizations : structure and operations

The SOUND database system for marine animal vocalizations has been updated to include changes in the structure and operations that have evolved with use. These include more convenient operations, greater flexibilty in analysis routines, and a revised database structure. The formats for data sorting and indexing, database structure, and analysis routines have developed into a convenient research tool. This report is a revision of the earlier operating manual for the SOUND databases (Watkins, Fristrup, and Daher 1991.) The interactive databases that comprise the SOUND system provide comprehensive means for quantitative analyses and statistical comparisons of marine animal vocalizations. These SOUND databases encompass (1) descriptive text databases cataoging the WHOI collection of underwater sound recordings of marine animals, (2) sets of files of digital sound sequences, (3) text databases organizing the digital sound cuts, and (4) software for analysis, display, playback, and export of selected sound files. The text databases index and sort the information about the sounds, and the digital sound cut files are accessed directly from the text record. From the text database, the sound cut data may be analyzed on screen, listened to, and compared or exported as desired. The objective of this work has been the development of a basic set of tools for the study of marine animal sound. The text databases for cataloging the recordings provide convenient sorting and selection of sounds of interest. Then, as specific sequences are digitized from these recordings, they become part of another database system that manages these acoustic data. Once a digital sound is part of the organized database, several tools are available for interactive spectrographic display, sound playback, statistical feature extraction, and export to other application programs.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through the Ocean Acoustics Program (code 11250A) under Contract No. N00014-88-K-0273 and No. N00014-91-J-1445 with supplemental support by ORINCON/DARPA and NRL (code 211)

Software tools for acoustic database management

Digital archiving of bioacoustic data provides both curatorial and scientific benefits. To realize these benefits, key system requirements must be satisfied. This report discusses these requirements, and describes the software tools developed by the WHOI bioacoustic laboratory to maintain and utilize an archive of digitized biological sounds. These tools are written in standard C code, and are designed to run on PC-compatible microcomputers. Both the usage and structure of these programs are described in relation to the SOUND database of marine animal sounds. These tools include software for analog-to-digital conversion, text header maintenance, data verification and interactive spectrographic review. Source code listings are supplied.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through the Ocean Acoustics Program (code 11250) Contract N00014-88-K-0273 and Grant N00014-J-1445 with supplemental support from NOARL (code 211)

Marine animal SOUND database

Cover and title page missing from original document.The Marine Animal SOUND Database system encompasses (1) descriptive text databases cataoging the WHOI collection of underwater sound recordings from marine animal, (2) sets of files of digital sound sequences, (3) text database organizing the digital sound sequences, and (4) software for analysis, display, playback, and export of selected sound files. The text databases index and sort the information on the sounds. The digital sound files are accessed directly from the text record, analyzed on screen, listened to, and compared or exported as desired. These databases provide comprehensive means for quantitative analyses and statistical comparisons of marine animal vocalizations. The objective has been to develop basic tools for the study of marine animal sounds. The text database for cataloging the collection of recordings provides convenient sorting and selection of sounds of interest. Then, as specific sequences are digitized from these recordigs, they become part of a second database system that manages these sound data. Once a digital sound is part of the database, several tools are available for interactive spectrogram display, sound playback, statistical feature extraction, and export to other application programs.Support for the development of the Marine Animal SOUND Databases has been from the Ocean Acoustics Program (code 11250A) of the Office of Naval Research, Contract NOOOI4-88-K-0273 and Research Grant NOOOI4-91-J-1445, with supplementary support through NOARL (code 211). The program of bioacoustic studies that provided much of the previous work resulting in our acoustic recordings of marine life was also supported for a considerable period by the Oceanic Biology Program of ONR

Whale call data for the North Pacific : November 1995 through July 1999 occurrence of calling whales and source locations from SOSUS and other acoustic systems

May also be cited as: WHOI-00-02Calls of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were identified in the data from U.S. Navy Sound Surveilance System (SOSUS) and other hydrophone arrays. These data on calling whales from November 1995 through July 1999 have been listed here for four offshore, deep-water Regions along continental margins of the North and Northeast Pacific. The occurrence of calling whales was monitored during two-day periods each week. Call data recorded from each array identified species, call occurrence, variation, received beam, and relative numbers of calling whales. This allowed assessment of seasonal distribution of calls for the different species, and provided locations for sources received at multiple arrays. Blue whale tonal sounds were distributed widely, received most in the NW Region, with a peak in occurrence in the fall. Fin whale "20-Hz" repetitive pulse sequences were received from whales grouped in local areas in all Regions, with a peak in occurrence in midwinter. Humpback songs were received from December through May particularly in the SE Region. The offshore listening systems allowed basin-wide monitoring of the seasonal distribution of these callng whales.Funding was provided by the Office Naval Research under Grant No. N00014-96-1-1130, SERDP and CNO N45

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030