Challenges, Current Status and Prospects of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Male Football Players of Ethiopian Public Higher Institutions

The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges, current status and prospects of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Male Football players of Ethiopian Public Higher Institutions in Adama Science and Technology institute by 2015 GC. A cross sectional research design was employed to conduct the study. In this research, 265 Ethiopian public higher institutions were determined through simple random sampling technique. As a data gathering instrument, a standard questionnaire was administered for leadership scale for sport and group environment questionnaire. Descriptive statistics mainly Mean, standard deviation and Pearson product moment correlation, were used to analyze the data at (p<5%). The most recurrent and persistent coaching leadership style was training and instruction leadership style. There is a positive and significant relationship between social cohesion and training and instruction, positive feedback, social support and democratic behavior styles. The result is consistent with task cohesion of football players. Thus, Ethiopian higher public institutions football coaches may use all leadership styles except autocratic leadership styles. Then social as well as task cohesion of the football players can be developed through the above variety of leadership styles. Keywords: Football, Leadership styles and Team cohesio

Bayesian Approach to Zero-Inflated Bivariate Ordered Probit Regression Model, with an Application to Tobacco Use

This paper presents a Bayesian analysis of bivariate ordered probit regression model with excess of zeros. Specifically, in the context of joint modeling of two ordered outcomes, we develop zero-inflated bivariate ordered probit model and carry out estimation using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. Using household tobacco survey data with substantial proportion of zeros, we analyze the socioeconomic determinants of individual problem of smoking and chewing tobacco. In our illustration, we find strong evidence that accounting for excess zeros provides good fit to the data. The example shows that the use of a model that ignores zero-inflation masks differential effects of covariates on nonusers and users

Prostate Cancer: Social, Economic and Demographic Correlates of Non Use of Supplemental Diets among Black Men in Florida

Background: Epidemiologic data consistently show that Black men in the U.S. are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer. The incidence rate is 60% higher and death rate is 2.1 times more for Black men compared to Whites. There is growing evidence from literature that nutritional supplements, such as selenium, lycopene, vitamin A, vitamin D and soy may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. However, the level of knowledge and usage of these supplemental diets among Black men is low. Therefore, it is important to understand why Black men are low users of the supplemental diets and develop intervention programs to change the underlining conditions. Objectives: Data collected in the state of Florida on prostate cancer disparities show that large proportion of Black men living in the state are nonusers of the supplemental diets. The purpose of this study is to identify socio-economic characteristics of U.S. born and foreign born Black men who are nonusers of the supplemental diets. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on prostate cancer disparity among Black men in five major cities in the State of Florida. Three thousand four hundred and ten valid respondents were included in the analysis. The main outcomes were socio-economic status, access to health care and awareness among Black men in relation to the use of supplemental diets that reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Descriptive statistics and zero-inflated regression models were used for data analysis. Results: The odds of nonuse of the supplemental diets were the highest for African born (Vitamin A OR = 2.32, P-value = 0.0060), for those who pray or do nothing when sick (Vitamin A OR = 2.84, P-value = 0.0367), with no insurance (Selenium OR = 1.32, P-value = 0.0007), and with no regular doctor to visit for medical care (Vitamin A OR = 1.29, P-value = 0.0318). Conclusion: The study data indicates that the usage of supplemental diets among Black men in Florida is very low. The study further provides rich data with regard to demographic characteristics for U.S. born and foreign born Black men that might serve to inform the usage of supplemental diets that may reduce the risk of prostate cancer

Area-level factors associated with spatial variation of prostate cancer incidence for black men

Purpose: Black men are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer (CaP) compared to any other racial/ethnic groups within the United States. Identifying CaP hotspots along with associated local area-level risk factors is crucial to tackling the significant burden of CaP and the disparity seen in Black men. The objective of this study was to determine the scope of geographical variation in CaP incidences and to assess the degree to which this variation is associated with county-level risk and protective factors.Methods: The study population was Black men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2006-2010 in Florida. County-level CaP incidence rates were computed as the ratios of the numbers of new CaP cases diagnosed between 2006 and 2010 to the corresponding 2000 US census population of Black men 20 and over years old data (US Census 2000). Other county-level environmental and health care factors were also obtained. A random effects Poisson model and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to map and assess the spatial patterns of CaP incidences in 67 Florida counties. These statistical techniques involved a Bayesian approach for estimating the underlying county-specific CaP risk since the data are very sparse.Results: The findings showed that an increasing CaP incidence of Black Men in Florida  was significantly associated with an increasing unemployment rate ( 2     with 95% CI: (.0025, .2703), does not include zero suggesting significance) and with increasing number of physicians per capita after controlling for other county characteristics. There was a negative association between poverty and CaP incidence. Regarding spatial distribution of CaP incidence, we observed that there are clustering and hotspots of high CaP incidence rates in Palm Beach county in South Florida, and Alachua and Marion counties in north Florida.Conclusion: Our findings showed that indicators of socioeconomic status and accessibility of health care services such as poverty, unemployment and health care providers are important variables that explain spatial variation of prostate cancer incidence rates of Black Men. Better understanding of such risk factors and identifying specific counties with a disproportionate burden of CaP disease may help formulate targeted interventions and resource allocation by state and local public official

Cases of human fascioliasis in North-West Ethiopia

This report presents four cases of human fascioliasis in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. There are only few case reports of human fascioliasis in Ethiopia as the disease mostly affects animals. However, the need to be aware of the possibility of occurrence of this disease in humans and the inclusion of drugs used for treating the disease, in the Ethiopian drug list, should be emphasized. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 19(3) 2005: 237-24

A smooth tubercle bacillus from Ethiopia phylogenetically close to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes several human- and animal-adapted pathogens. It is thought to have originated in East Africa from a recombinogenic Mycobacterium canettii-like ancestral pool. Here, we describe the discovery of a clinical tuberculosis strain isolated in Ethiopia that shares archetypal phenotypic and genomic features of M. canettii strains, but represents a phylogenetic branch much closer to the MTBC clade than to the M. canettii strains. Analysis of genomic traces of horizontal gene transfer in this isolate and previously identified M. canettii strains indicates a persistent albeit decreased recombinogenic lifestyle near the emergence of the MTBC. Our findings support that the MTBC emergence from its putative free-living M. canettii-like progenitor is evolutionarily very recent, and suggest the existence of a continuum of further extant derivatives from ancestral stages, close to the root of the MTBC, along the Great Rift Valley

The use of power transformations in small area estimation

Sample surveys are usually designed and analysed to produce estimates for larger areas. Nevertheless, sample sizes are often not large enough to give adequate precision for small area estimates of interest. To overcome such difficulties, borrowing strength from related small areas via modelling becomes essential. In line with this, we propose components of variance models with power transformations for small area estimation. This paper reports the results of a study aimed at incorporating the power transformation in small area estimation for improving the quality of small area predictions. The proposed methods are demonstrated on satellite data in conjunction with survey data to estimate mean acreage under a specified crop for counties in Iowa.

Bayesian Inference for Skew-Normal Mixture Models With Left-Censoring

Assays to measure concentration of antibody after vaccination are often subject to left-censoring due to a lower detection limit (LDL), leading to a high proportion of observations below the detection limit. Not accounting for such left-censoring appropriately can lead to biased parameter estimates. To properly adjust for left-censoring and a high proportion of observations at LDL, this article proposes a mixture model combining a point mass below LDL and a Tobit model with skew-elliptical error distribution. We show that skew-elliptical distributions, where the skew-normal and skew-t are special cases, have great flexibility for simultaneously handling left-censoring, skewness, and heaviness in the tails of a distribution of a response variable with left-censored data. A Bayesian procedure is used to estimate model parameters. Two real data sets from a study of the measles vaccine and an HIV/AIDS study are used to illustrate the proposed models