Changes in fish biodiversity dues to dam construction at the intraregional scale within the Indo-Burma Region.

<p>Changes in fish biodiversity dues to dam construction at the intraregional scale within the Indo-Burma Region.</p

Sampling locations and environmental layers for MAXENT.

<p>(a) Sampling locations (solid circles) in the Indo-Burma region with the Chao Phraya (left) and Mekong (right). (b) Altitude layer obtained from USGS GTOP30 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>]. (c) Slope layer obtained from USGS HYDRO1K [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>]. (d) Topographic wetness index [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref044" target="_blank">44</a>] obtained from USGS HYDRO1K [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>]. (e) Distance from the river mouth (or sea) derived from the altitude layer using GIS software. (f) Human influence index (v2, 1995–2004) obtained from SEDAC EARTH DATA [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>]. (g) Ecoregions [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>] obtained from WWF Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref048" target="_blank">48</a>]. (h) Fragment areas derived from the altitude layer and dam locations (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A</a>) using GIS software. (i) Number of ecoregions within each fragment derived by intersecting the fragment layer and ecoregions using GIS software. (j) Mean temperature obtained from WorldClim global climat4 data (BIO1) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. (k) Maximum temperature obtained from the Bioclim data (BIO5) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. (l) Minimum temperature obtained from the Bioclim data (BIO6) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. (m) Precipitation obtained from the Bioclim data (BIO12) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. (n) Maximum precipitation obtained from the Bioclim data (BIO13) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. (o) Minimum precipitation obtained from the Bioclim data (BIO14) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]. Color gradations show relative values in each layer. Note that the graphical images are illustrative only; readers are referred to the original sources of the environmental layers.</p

The proportion of impacts on fish biodiversity from dam construction and global warming that is attributable to synergy alone (i.e. the difference, Δ, in projections between the additive and synergistic scenarios).

<p>(a) Δ species richness, (b) Δ habitable area, and (c) Δ % threatened species projected to arise from increases in total generating capacity (associated with hydropower dams), RCPs and year (associated with global warming). **<i>P</i> < 0.01, ***<i>P</i> < 0.001. Red and blue asterisks indicate positive and negative effects, respectively.</p

Synergistic impacts of dam construction and global warming on fish biodiversity.

<p>Changes in (a) species richness, (b) habitable area, and (c) % threatened species projected to arise from increases in total generating capacity (associated with hydropower dams), RCPs and year (associated with global warming). *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01, ***<i>P</i> < 0.001. Red and blue asterisks indicate positive and negative effects, respectively.</p

A sequence of changing fish biodiversity under six representative scenarios of dam construction/removal, global warming, and the simple addition or synergy between these two threat factors.

<p>Scenario names in parentheses correspond to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160151#pone.0160151.s008" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>.</p