Image_4_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Image_3_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Table_1_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.xlsx

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Image_2_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Image_1_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Image_6_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Image_5_Identification of cuproptosis-related patterns and construction of a scoring system for predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment-infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer.tif

BackgroundCuproptosis, a recently discovered refreshing form of cell death, is distinct from other known mechanisms. As copper participates in cell death, the induction of cancer cell death with copper ionophores may emerge as a new avenue for cancer treatment. However, the role of cuproptosis in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration remains unknown.MethodsWe systematically evaluated the cuproptosis patterns in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in breast cancer (BRCA) samples based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), and correlated these patterns with the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration. A principal component analysis algorithm was used to construct a cuproptosis score to quantify the cuproptosis pattern in individual tumors. Further, the relationships between the cuproptosis score and transcription background, clinical features, characteristics of TME cell infiltration, drug response, and efficacy of immunotherapy were assessed.ResultsTwo distinct cuproptosis patterns with distinct prognoses were identified; their TME characteristics were found to be consistent with the immune-excluded and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The cuproptosis patterns in individual patients were evaluated using the cuproptosis score based on the cuproptosis phenotype-related genes, contributing to distinguishing biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cell infiltration, genetic variation, and drug response. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses verified this score as an independent prognostic predictor in BRCA. A high cuproptosis score, characterized by immune activation, suggests an inflamed tumor and immune-inflamed phenotype with poor survival and a low cuproptosis score, characterized by immune suppression, indicates a non-inflamed tumor and immune-excluded phenotype with better survival. Significant differences were observed in the IC50 between the high and low cuproptosis score groups receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy drugs. In the two immunotherapy cohorts, patients with a higher cuproptosis score experienced considerable therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits.ConclusionsThis study is the first to elucidate the prominent role of cuproptosis in the clinical outcome and the formation of TME diversity and complexity in BRCA. Estimating cuproptosis patterns in tumors could help predict the prognosis and characteristics of TME cell infiltration and guide more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Oncogenic long noncoding RNA landscape in breast cancer

The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. (XLS 19 kb

Lightweight Design of a Racing Motorcycle Wheel

Mass minimization is a key objective for the design of racing motorcycle wheels. The structural optimization of a front motorcycle wheel is presented in the paper. Topology Optimization has been employed for deriving optimized structural layouts. The minimum compliance problem has been solved, symmetry and periodicity constraints have been introduced. The wheel has been optimized by considering several loading conditions. Actual loads have been measured during track tests by means of a special measuring wheel. The forces applied by the tire to the rim have been introduced in an original way. Different solutions characterized by different numbers of spokes have been analyzed and compared. The actual racing wheel has been further optimized accounting for technological constraints and the mass has been reduced down to 2.9 kilograms

The emergence of noncoding RNAs as Heracles in autophagy

<p>Macroautophagy/autophagy is a catabolic process that is widely found in nature. Over the past few decades, mounting evidence has indicated that noncoding RNAs, ranging from small noncoding RNAs to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and even circular RNAs (circRNAs), mediate the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy-related genes by participating in autophagy regulatory networks. The differential expression of noncoding RNAs affects autophagy levels at different physiological and pathological stages, including embryonic proliferation and differentiation, cellular senescence, and even diseases such as cancer. We summarize the current knowledge regarding noncoding RNA dysregulation in autophagy and investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying noncoding RNA involvement in autophagy regulatory networks. Then, we integrate public resources to predict autophagy-related noncoding RNAs across species and discuss strategies for and the challenges of identifying autophagy-related noncoding RNAs. This article will deepen our understanding of the relationship between noncoding RNAs and autophagy, and provide new insights to specifically target noncoding RNAs in autophagy-associated therapeutic strategies.</p