De la coopération intellectuelle à la diplomatie culturelle : le parcours du Brésil dans l'entre-deux-guerres

À partir des années 1930, le Brésil construit les outils d'une diplomatie culturelle, cherchant ainsi à présenter au monde une image qui lui soit favorable. Ce processus s'enracine dans des pratiques de coopération intellectuelle qui se développent en Amérique latine à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, puis grâce à des acteurs et des réseaux qui émergent au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, dans un cadre international, à travers l'Institut International de Coopération intellectuelle, dépendant de la SdN, et panaméricain. C'est donc sur une partition qui se joue autant en Europe qu'en Amérique, dans une dynamique mêlant les échelles nationale, transnationale et internationale, qu'un certain nombre d'acteurs brésiliens composent l'identité internationale de leur pays.A partir da década de 1930, o Brasil começa a elaborar uma diplomacia cultural, com o objetivo de construir uma imagem positiva no cenário internacional. As raízes desse processo se encontram nas práticas de cooperação intelectual que se desenvolvem na América Latina no final do século XIX e, depois da Primeira Guerra mundial, a partir das redes e dos atores num quadro tanto internacional - através do Instituto Internacional de Cooperação Intelectual que dependia da Liga das Nações - quanto panamericano. Foi portanto entre a América e a Europa, em escalas nacionais, transnacionais e internacionais, que alguns brasileiros compuseram a partitura da identidade internacional do país

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Pan-American Intellectual Cooperation: Emergence, Institutionalization, and Fields of Action

International audienceHow can a chapter about intellectual cooperation in the first half of the XXth century participate in the historiographical renewal around Pan-Americanism and shed new light on its significance?First, because it is quite an unknown dimension of Pan-Americanism, which has been studied for a long time in its political and economic dimensions. Recently, some scholars have addressed this question; even if it were punctually, their analyses reveal the diversity and complexity of Pan-American intellectual cooperation.Besides, the second reason why it is interesting to study intellectual cooperation is that it challenges the long-lasting approach of Pan-Americanism, inherited from the Cold War period, presenting it as a tool for the USA’s push for regional hegemony. In the light of intellectual cooperation, it is obvious that Latin America was everything but passive in the Pan-American dynamic; moreover, the networks, practices and ideas launched by the Pan-American Union in the field of intellectual cooperation contributed to the affirmation of national and regional identities.We will therefore argue in this chapter that if the different aspects of Pan-American intellectual cooperation can be analyzed in the frame of the “informal empire”, such as Ricardo Salvatore defined it, they also reveal that both North-Americans and Latin-Americans took up Pan-Americanism as a way to defend their own interests. Thus, it is possible to highlight not only dynamics between the US and Latin America, but also between Latin-American nations.In order to do so, we will first trace back the emergence and institutionalization of Pan-American intellectual cooperation; then, we will provide an overview of its fields of action, education being the most important; that’s why we’ll finally focus on this topic

Pan-American Intellectual Cooperation: Emergence, Institutionalization, and Fields of Action

International audienceHow can a chapter about intellectual cooperation in the first half of the XXth century participate in the historiographical renewal around Pan-Americanism and shed new light on its significance?First, because it is quite an unknown dimension of Pan-Americanism, which has been studied for a long time in its political and economic dimensions. Recently, some scholars have addressed this question; even if it were punctually, their analyses reveal the diversity and complexity of Pan-American intellectual cooperation.Besides, the second reason why it is interesting to study intellectual cooperation is that it challenges the long-lasting approach of Pan-Americanism, inherited from the Cold War period, presenting it as a tool for the USA’s push for regional hegemony. In the light of intellectual cooperation, it is obvious that Latin America was everything but passive in the Pan-American dynamic; moreover, the networks, practices and ideas launched by the Pan-American Union in the field of intellectual cooperation contributed to the affirmation of national and regional identities.We will therefore argue in this chapter that if the different aspects of Pan-American intellectual cooperation can be analyzed in the frame of the “informal empire”, such as Ricardo Salvatore defined it, they also reveal that both North-Americans and Latin-Americans took up Pan-Americanism as a way to defend their own interests. Thus, it is possible to highlight not only dynamics between the US and Latin America, but also between Latin-American nations.In order to do so, we will first trace back the emergence and institutionalization of Pan-American intellectual cooperation; then, we will provide an overview of its fields of action, education being the most important; that’s why we’ll finally focus on this topic

From Intellectual Cooperation to Cultural Diplomacy : the Argentinian, Brazilian and Chilean Experiences (1919-1946)

S’inscrivant dans le champ de l’histoire des relations culturelles internationales, cette thèse analyse de manière comparatiste l’élaboration d’une diplomatie culturelle par l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Chili dans la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, en s’appuyant sur des organismes de coopération intellectuelle à vocation internationale ou régionale. Notre but est de montrer comment, à partir des toiles tissées par les différentes structures et dynamiques de la coopération intellectuelle, internationale, continentale ou latino-américaine, l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Chili ont forgé les instruments d’une diplomatie culturelle et ont bâti une certaine image d’eux-mêmes sur la scène internationale. Cette thèse vise à montrer que les initiatives argentine, brésilienne et chilienne sur le terrain de la diplomatie culturelle ne prennent corps et sens que dans la mesure où elles s’insèrent dans des dynamiques qui dépassent leurs frontières.Dans le cadre d’une étude sur la diplomatie culturelle, qui implique que le pays qui en fait usage ait une image à proposer sur la scène internationale, la question de l’identité nationale est au cœur de la réflexion. Nous nous inscrivons donc dans une perspective qui relève tout autant de l’histoire des relations internationales que de l’histoire culturelle, aux confins des débats sur l’identité nationale et sur la définition de la politique étrangère.Contributing to the field of history of international cultural relations, this thesis proposes a comparative analysis of the engagement in cultural diplomacy by Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the period between the two World Wars. This surge in cultural diplomacy relied upon organizations for intellectual cooperation, both on an international and regional level. The goal of this work is to show how, from various networks embedded in the structures and dynamics of international, continental and Latin American intellectual cooperation, Argentina, Brazil and Chile forged deliberate instruments of cultural diplomacy and constructed a certain image of themselves on the international scene. This thesis aims to show that these initiatives in cultural diplomacy could neither have happened nor acquired their importance without being part of larger dynamics transcending their own national borders. At the heart of any reflection on cultural diplomacy and its concern with projections of national images into international settings is the question of national identity. Therefore, the work takes a perspective that is as much part of history of international relations as it is cultural history, retracing the frontier of debates on national identity and the definition of foreign policy

De précieux ressortissants, d’encombrants émigrés : la France et les Français au Brésil au XIXe siècle

International audienc

Juan Pablo Scarfi, The Hidden History of International Law in the Americas. Empire and Legal Network, New York, Oxford University Press, 2017, 280 pages

Compte rendu paru le n° 141 pages 222-22