Studi Gen Penyandi Enzim Endoglukanase Dan Aktivitasnya Dari Bakteri Selulolitik Indigenous Bekatul Secara In Vitro Dan In Silico

Peningkatan produksi dan konsumsi beras berimbas pada peningkatan produk samping penggilingan padi, salah satunya adalah bekatul. Melimpahnya bekatul harus diimbangi dengan pemanfaatannya untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonominya. Bekatul dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber glukosa melalui degradasi selulosa menggunakan enzim selulase. Enzim selulase diproduksi oleh jamur dan bakteri. Tingginya kadar selulosa dan nutrisi dalam bekatul berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi enzim selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginformasikan gen penyandi endoglukanase dan aktivitas enzim bakteri selulolitik indigenous bekatul sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan bekatul di Indonesia dan optimalisasi produksi enzim selulase. Bakteri selulolitik diisolasi dari bekatul yang berasal dari penggilingan padi beras putih jenis Ciherang. Isolat bakteri selulolitik terbaik dipilih berdasarkan hasil skrining secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Skrining secara kuali tatif dilakukan dengan mengukur nilai indeks selulolitik pewarnaan Congo red, sedangkan secara kuantitatif dengan mengukur aktivitas enzim selulase meliputi endoglukanase, eksoglukanase dan β-glukosidase menggunakan metode DNS (Dinitrosalycilic acid). Isolat terpilih ditumbuhkan pada media CYPE (1 % CMC; 0,5 % pepton; 0,5 % ekstrak khamir; 0,1 % K2HPO4; 0,02 % MgSO4 dan 0,5 % NaCl) untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum produksi enzim selulase pada variasi pH (5, 6, 7 dan 8), logam (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Na+ dan Ca2+ dan suhu (30, 37, 45 dan 50 °C). Enzim selulase dimurnikan secara parsial menggunakan 80 % ammonium sulfat jenuh dan diukur aktivitas optimumnya pada variasi pH (6,7,8 dan 9), suhu (40, 50, 60 dan 70 °C) dan konsentrasi substrat CMC (1 %; 2 %; 3 %; 4 % dan 5 %) serta kinetika enzim. Bakteri selulolitik terpilih diidentifikasi secara fenotip dan molekular berdasarkan sekuen 16S rDNA. Gen endoglukanase dideteksi menggunakan primer forward (5'- TTCGCAGCAAGTGTAACGGA-3`) dan revers (5`- CTCGCCGTACATCGCATAGT-3`), dan diamplifikasi menggunakan mesi

Evidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the psychiatric genomics consortium

BACKGROUND Despite established clinical associations among major depression (MD), alcohol dependence (AD), and alcohol consumption (AC), the nature of the causal relationship between them is not completely understood. We leveraged genome-wide data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and UK Biobank to test for the presence of shared genetic mechanisms and causal relationships among MD, AD, and AC. METHODS Linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization (MR) were performed using genome-wide data from the PGC (MD: 135 458 cases and 344 901 controls; AD: 10 206 cases and 28 480 controls) and UK Biobank (AC-frequency: 438 308 individuals; AC-quantity: 307 098 individuals). RESULTS Positive genetic correlation was observed between MD and AD (rgMD−AD = + 0.47, P = 6.6 × 10−10). AC-quantity showed positive genetic correlation with both AD (rgAD−AC quantity = + 0.75, P = 1.8 × 10−14) and MD (rgMD−AC quantity = + 0.14, P = 2.9 × 10−7), while there was negative correlation of AC-frequency with MD (rgMD−AC frequency = −0.17, P = 1.5 × 10−10) and a non-significant result with AD. MR analyses confirmed the presence of pleiotropy among these four traits. However, the MD-AD results reflect a mediated-pleiotropy mechanism (i.e. causal relationship) with an effect of MD on AD (beta = 0.28, P = 1.29 × 10−6). There was no evidence for reverse causation. CONCLUSION This study supports a causal role for genetic liability of MD on AD based on genetic datasets including thousands of individuals. Understanding mechanisms underlying MD-AD comorbidity addresses important public health concerns and has the potential to facilitate prevention and intervention efforts

Identification of novel common variants associated with chronic pain using conditional false discovery rate analysis with major depressive disorder and assessment of pleiotropic effects of LRFN5

Chronic pain is a complex trait that is moderately heritable and genetically, as well as phenotypically, correlated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Use of the conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) approach, which leverages pleiotropy identified from existing GWAS outputs, has been successful in discovering novel associated variants in related phenotypes. Here, genome-wide association study outputs for both von Korff chronic pain grade and for MDD were used to identify variants meeting a cFDR threshold for each outcome phenotype separately, as well as a conjunctional cFDR (ccFDR) threshold for both phenotypes together. Using a moderately conservative threshold, we identified a total of 11 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), six of which were associated with chronic pain grade and nine of which were associated with MDD. Four SNPs on chromosome 14 were associated with both chronic pain grade and MDD. SNPs associated only with chronic pain grade were located within SLC16A7 on chromosome 12. SNPs associated only with MDD were located either in a gene-dense region on chromosome 1 harbouring LINC01360, LRRIQ3, FPGT and FPGT-TNNI3K, or within/close to LRFN5 on chromosome 14. The SNPs associated with both outcomes were also located within LRFN5. Several of the SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 14 were identified as being associated with expression levels of nearby genes in the brain and central nervous system. Overall, using the cFDR approach, we identified several novel genetic loci associated with chronic pain and we describe likely pleiotropic effects of a recently identified MDD locus on chronic pain

MINIMISING LOSS IN A HEAT EXCHANGER INSTALLATION FOR AN INTERCOOLED TURBOFAN ENGINE

Em Novembro de 2008 foi publicado o n.º 19 da Revista Nuova Museologia que agora divulgamos. Veja em baixo quais os artigos deste número. Direttore Responsabile: Giovanni Pinna Redazione: Claudia Savoiardo Promozione e Sviluppo: Carlo Teruzzi Relazioni esterne: Donatella Lanzeni Conteúdos: Giovanni Pinna Le idi di marzo sono giunte. Sì, Cesare, ma non trascorse pag.1 Andreas Henning La Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister di Dresda su Second Life pag. 2 Aldo R. D. Accardi Natura e Artificio negli int..