A Study on Rebuilding the Classification System of the Ocean Economy

Many ocean countries have estimated and released the size of the ocean economy or industry. However it is difficult to compare the ocean economy among countries because the definition, classification standard and scope differ by each country. This study aims to provide concrete practical proposals for the definition, classification standard and scope of the ocean economy. With regard to the definition of the ocean economy, a combination of industrial and geographical perspectives is considered at the same time. As a result, the ocean economy is defined as the economic activities that directly or indirectly take place in the ocean, use outputs from the ocean, and put the goods and services into the ocean’s activities. To determine the scope of the ocean economy, about 50 common words are extracted from the cases of 10 ocean country accounts, and 3 characteristics of the scope of the ocean economy are inferred from them. These are ‘in the ocean’, ‘from the ocean’, and ‘to the ocean’. Besides, supply chain and relationship among the ocean economies are considered. According to the newly proposed definition and classification standard, 12 sectors are newly rebuilt as the ocean economy

The Estimation of the Ocean Economy and Coastal Economy in South Korea

Over the past 60 years, the South Korean economy has gotten outstanding achievements that would be hard to find around the world. South Korea’s real GDP, which was converted to US dollars using 2011 PPPs, in 2010 was 1,506 billion from 3.8 billion in 1960, and real GDP per capita in 2010 was 29,411 from 1,537 in 1960. The successful paradigm of the South Korean economy has clearly benefitted from export-led development and ready access to common sea lanes. South Korea is surrounded by the ocean on three sides. It has abundant ocean resources, with its 433,000㎢ of territorial water under its jurisdiction, which is about five times the size of its land. It also possesses 1,914㎞ of coastline and 3,167 of island. In addition, South Korea produces 3 million tons of fish per annum, 99.7% of its trade cargo is transported by the ocean. In other worlds, the ocean resources and ocean industries have played a significant role in the national economy. Under such circumstances, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) was established in 1996 to realize the integrated ocean governance, which was performed by 13 different ministries and administrations. The Basic Act on Marine and Fishery Development (BAMFD) has also been enacted in 2002 by MOMAF to promote the development of the ocean industry, and protect the ocean environment, ocean resources, and ocean jurisdiction. This law became a basis of integrated ocean policies in South Korea. Besides, the 1st Ocean Korea 21 (OK 21) during 2001-2010 was planned by MOMAF in 2000 as a new vision and strategies to cope with the changes in ocean environment, and improve the international competitiveness in ocean power. But the MOMAF was disassembled by the previous administration in 2008. The functions of maritime transportation, marine environment policy, and so on were transferred to the Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs (MLTM), and that of fishery to the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery (MIFAFF). In this situation, the MLTM made the 2nd OK 21 during 2011–2020 in 2010. After then, the present administration reestablished the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (MOF) in accordance with demand of the people in 2013. Otherwise, South Korea’s ocean industries including shipbuilding, shipping, offshore platform constructing, and fisheries have achieved enormous improvement. According to the MOMAF’s report, which was written by the Arthur D. Little in 2006, South Korea’s ocean power was the 12th among 40 ocean countries. In the case of the ocean industries, its ship and offshore platform building industry was the top in the world, and shipping and port industry had also world class competitiveness. However, it is difficult to know the scale and status of the ocean industries in the South Korean national economy. That’s because Korea has not ocean economy statistics systems, and official agency in charge of estimating the ocean economy. Global ocean countries, such as the USA, China, and EU, have ocean economy statistics systems. In the case of the USA, the National Ocean Economic Program (NOEP) has provided a full range of the most current economic and socioeconomic information available on changes and trends along the USA coast and in coastal waters. Especially, NOEP produced the concept of both the ocean economy and coastal economy. But, in Korea, the ocean economy has been estimated whenever the need arose, and the coastal economy hasn’t been estimated yet. These situations require researchers to provide policy-makers, decision-makers, industry, and general public with reliable information of the ocean economy and coastal economy. So this paper aims to analyze the status of the ocean economy and coastal economy in the South Korean national economy. With these general aims, after this introduction, the second section will introduce the ocean economy and coastal economy, and the cases by country. The third section will analyze the status of the ocean economy in the South Korean national economy, and the fourth section will also show it of the coastal economy. Lastly, the final section will sum up the conclusions

Rebuilding the Classification System of the Ocean Economy

Many ocean countries have attempted to estimate the size of the ocean economy or industry. However, it is difficult to compare the ocean economy among countries because the definition, classification standard, and scope vary within each country. This study aims to provide concrete practical proposals for universal definition, classification standard, and scope of the ocean economy. With regard to the definition of the ocean economy, a combination of industrial and geographical perspectives is considered simultaneously. As a result, the ocean economy is defined as the economic activities that directly or indirectly take place in the ocean and use outputs from the ocean, while incorporating goods and services into the ocean’s economic activities. To determine the scope of the ocean economy, nearly 50 common words are extracted from case studies of 10 ocean country accounts, and 3 characteristics of the scope of the ocean economy are inferred from them. These are “in the ocean,” “from the ocean,” and “to the ocean.” In addition, supply chain and relationships among the ocean economies are considered. According to the newly proposed definition and classification standard, 12 sectors are included in the ocean economy. Lea el abstracto en español 请点击此处阅读中文摘

KOREA OUTBOUND TOURISM TO SEVEN COUNTRIES: VAR MODEL AND GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST

This paper investigates the causal relationship among Korean outbound tourism demand for seven countries such as United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Since there are no long-run relationships among Korean outbound tourism demand for those international destinations the vector autoregressive (VAR) model is used for testing such causality. From the causality results, we found United States is leading country for Korean outbound tourism demand. When Korean tourism demands for United States increase, those for the other countries get a raise. Also, tourism demand for Thailand is influenced by tourism demands for three countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore and United States. Our results imply that government and managerial implications are recognized based on the empirical findings

Exploring South Korea’s Ocean Economy : the Korea National Ocean Economy Survey 2017-2019

As the economic contribution of the ocean and fisheries industry increases, it is essential to identify industrial characteristics and propose specialized strategies based on data. However, there has been a lack of research on the establishment of an industrial classification system that reflects the characteristics of the ocean and fisheries industry in South Korea. Therefore, this study aims to introduce the specialized classification system of the ocean and fisheries industry and, further intends to analyze industry trends using the survey data based on the classification system. For the past three years (2017-2019) 9,000 businesses were surveyed annually to estimate industry revenues, number of businesses and workers, annual labor costs, and business outlook. As a result, this study proposed the need for government support for the shipbuilding and offshore plant construction & repair industry which has great economic ripple effects, and the need to strengthen the labor supply chain of the fishery industries that are easily affected by external shocks

Oxygen-Vacancy-Induced Orbital Reconstruction of Ti Ions at the Interface of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures: A Resonant Soft-X-Ray Scattering Study

Resonant soft-x-ray scattering measurements have been performed to investigate interface electronic structures of (LaAlO3/SrTiO3) superlattices. Resonant scattering intensities at superlattice reflections show clear evidence of degeneracy lifting in t(2g) states of interface Ti ions. Polarization dependence of intensities indicates the energy of d(xy) states is lower by similar to 1 eV than two other t(2g) states. The energy splitting is insensitive to epitaxial strain. The orbital reconstruction is induced by oxygen vacancies and confined to the interface within two unit cells, indicating charge compensation at the polar interfaces. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.017401X112723Nsciescopu

Low-Weight Primes for Lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptography on 8-bit AVR Processors

Small 8-bit RISC processors and micro-controllers based on the AVR instruction set architecture are widely used in the embedded domain with applications ranging from smartcards over control systems to wireless sensor nodes. Many of these applications require asymmetric encryption or authentication, which has spurred a body of research into implementation aspects of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) on the AVR platform. In this paper, we study the suitability of a special class of finite fields, the so-called Optimal Prime Fields (OPFs), for a "lightweight" implementation of ECC with a view towards high performance and security. An OPF is a finite field Fp defined by a prime of the form p = u*2^k + v, whereby both u and v are "small" (in relation to 2^k) so that they fit into one or two registers of an AVR processor. OPFs have a low Hamming weight, which allows for a very efficient implementation of the modular reduction since only the non-zero words of p need to be processed. We describe a special variant of Montgomery multiplication for OPFs that does not execute any input-dependent conditional statements (e.g. branch instructions) and is, hence, resistant against certain side-channel attacks. When executed on an Atmel ATmega processor, a multiplication in a 160-bit OPF takes just 3237 cycles, which compares favorably with other implementations of 160-bit modular multiplication on an 8-bit processor. We also describe a performance-optimized and a security-optimized implementation of elliptic curve scalar multiplication over OPFs. The former uses a GLV curve and executes in 4.19M cycles (over a 160-bit OPF), while the latter is based on a Montgomery curve and has an execution time of approximately 5.93M cycles. Both results improve the state-of-the-art in lightweight ECC on 8-bit processors

Cross reactive cellular immune responses in chickens previously exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Avian influenza (AI) infection in poultry can result in high morbidity and mortality, and negatively affect international trade. Because most AI vaccines used for poultry are inactivated, our knowledge of immunity against AI is based largely on humoral immune responses. In fact, little is known about cellular immunity following a primary AI infection in poultry, especially regarding cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL’s).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In these studies, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-defined (B²/B²) chickens were infected with low pathogenic AI (LPAI) H9N2 and clinical signs of disease were monitored over a two weeks period. Splenic lymphocytes from infected and naïve birds were examined for cross reactivity against homologous and heterologous (H7N2) LPAI by ex vivo stimulation. Cellular immunity was determined by cytotoxic lysis of B²/B² infected lung target cells and proliferation of T cells following exposure to LPAI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Infection with H9N2 resulted in statistically significant weight loss compared to sham-infected birds. Splenic lymphocytes derived from H9N2-infected birds displayed lysis of both homologous (H9N2) and heterologous (H7N2) infected target cells, whereas lymphocytes obtained from sham-infected birds did not. T cell proliferation was determined to be highest when exposed to the homologous virus.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Taken together these data extend the findings that cellular immunity, including CTL’s, is cross reactive against heterologous isolates of AI and contribute to protection following infection.</p

Past Achievements and Future Challenges in 3D Photonic Metamaterials

Photonic metamaterials are man-made structures composed of tailored micro- or nanostructured metallo-dielectric sub-wavelength building blocks that are densely packed into an effective material. This deceptively simple, yet powerful, truly revolutionary concept allows for achieving novel, unusual, and sometimes even unheard-of optical properties, such as magnetism at optical frequencies, negative refractive indices, large positive refractive indices, zero reflection via impedance matching, perfect absorption, giant circular dichroism, or enhanced nonlinear optical properties. Possible applications of metamaterials comprise ultrahigh-resolution imaging systems, compact polarization optics, and cloaking devices. This review describes the experimental progress recently made fabricating three-dimensional metamaterial structures and discusses some remaining future challenges