The correlation of milking performances and the somatic cell count in milk of simmental cows

Zbog obilnosti i važnosti poslova koji prate proces mužnje, muzna svojstva su postala važna odlika mliječnih krava. Današnja suvremena muzna oprema omogućuje praćenje cjelokupnog procesa mužnje i uvid u svaki njezin dio. Proučavanjem protoka mlijeka i standardizacijom vimena krava, te korištenjem novije mjerne tehnike moglo bi se doći do većeg broja krava prilagođenih strojnoj mužnji, a ujedno i do krava s manjim brojem oboljenja vimena. Rezultati provedenih istraživanja na simentalskim kravama pokazali su dobar kemijsko-fizakalni sastav mlijeka (4,24 % masti, 3,68 % bjelančevina i 9,22 % bezmasne suhe tvari). Količina mlijeka po mužnji iznosila je 8,03 kg, pri prosječnom protoku mlijeka od 1,86 kg/min i vremenu trajanja mužnje od 4,27 min. Iako je prosječni broj somatski stanica u mlijeku bio relativno mali (246.000/ml), čak 22,7 % krava imalo je u uzorcima mlijeka više od 400.000 somatskih stanica/ml. Od ovog dijela, 90 % životinja imalo je kratku plato fazu mužnje ( 3 min). Uvođenjem suvremene mjerne opreme i novih selekcijskih ciljeva u uzgojni program goveda detaljnije bi se proučila muzna svojstva, njihova gospo-darska važnost, kao i povezanost sa zdravljem vimena.Milking performances have become a very important characteristic of milk-cows. Today’s modern milking equipment enables following the entire milking process and the insight into each part of it. By studying the milk flow and standardizing the milk udder, as well as by using the new measuring techniques could be adjusted to machine milking and larger number of cows consequently fewer udder problems. The conducted research results on Simmental cows showed a good chemical and physical milk composition (4.24 % fat, 3.68 % proteins and 9.22 % non-fat dry substance). The milk quantity per milking was 8.03 kg, per average milk flow of 1.86 kg/min and the milking duration of 4.27 minutes. Although the average somatic cell count in milk was rather low (246.000/ml) even 22.7 % of cows had in milk samples more than 400.000 somatic cells/ml. From that, 90 % of animals had a short peak phase ( 2min) and a long descending phase ( 3 min). Introducing modern milking equipment and new selective aims into the cattle breeding program, milking characteristics, their economic significance and correlation to the health of the udder would be studied in more detail

Different portion of thermally treated fodder pea in chickens fattening

Budući da stočni grašak kao krupnozrna leguminoza sadrži nekoliko antinutritivnih tvari u malim količinama, u sirovom stanju nije pogodan u većim koncentracijama kao komponenta za hranjenje peradi. Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti 30 %, odnosno 60 % izobjelančevinaste zamjene sojine sačme i toplinski obrađenog stočnog graška u kompletnim krmnim smjesama tovnih pilića. Završna tjelesna masa pilića pokazuje da su pilići pokusnih skupina na kraju pokusa bili za 14,6 % u P I i 15,3 % u P II skupini bolji od pilića kontrolne skupine, a razlike su statistički visoko opravdane (P<0,01). Drugi praćeni pokazatelj, prosječni dnevni prirast, tijekom pojedinih razdoblja tova potvrdio je također visoko značajne (P<0,01) bolje priraste pilića pokusnih skupina I i II u odnosu na piliće kontrolne skupine. Glede potrošnje hrane i konverzije hrane, zabilježene su također značajno bolje vrijednosti u pilića pokusnih skupina prema pilićima kontrolne skupine. Tako je dnevna konzumacija hrane bila veća u prvom razdoblju tova od 25,5 % u pokusnoj I do 8,9 %, u pokusnoj II skupini, uz bolju konverziju hrane u istim pokusnim skupinama, za 6,7 %, odnosno 5,3 %. Kakvoća pilećih trupova dobivenih rasijecanjem, pokazala je veće vrijednosti relativnog udjela prsa i abdominalne masti u pilića pokusne II skupine, statistički visoko značajne (P<0,01) prema kontrolnoj skupini, a statistički značajne (P<0,05) manje vrijednosti za parametre batak i nadbatak, te krila. Analizom kemijskog sastava crvenog mesa pilića, potvrđena je bolja nutritivna vrijednost mesa u pokusnoj II skupini, s tim da utvrđene pozitivne razlike pokusne skupine nisu bile statistički značajne (P>0,05).Concerning the fact that fodder pea as a legume seed contains several antinutritive substances (in small amounts), it is not favourable in high concentrations as a component part of feeding fowls in a raw form. The aim of our research was to compare 30 %, and 60 % of isoprotein substitute of soybean meal and thermally treated fodder pea in the complete mixtures for fattening chickens. The final body mass of chickens shows that the chickens in the experimental group, at the end of the experiment, were 14.6 % in P I and 15.3 % in P II better than the chickens in the control group and the differences were statistically highly justified (P<0,01). The second indicator that we watched, the average daily gain, showed over certain fattening periods significantly better increase in the chickens of the experimental group I and II comparing to the chickens in the control group (P<0,01). Looking at the consumption and the conversion of feed, we also noticed better values in chickens in the experimental group than those in the control group. Therefore, the daily consumption of feed was higher in the first fattening period from 25.5 % in the experimental group I to 8.9 % in the experimental group II with better feed conversion in the same experimental groups by 6.7 % and 5.3 % respectively. The quality of chicken carcass, showed higher values of relative breast share and the abdominal fat in chickens in the experimental group II. They were statistically highly significant (P<0,01) in comparison to the control group with lower values to the thigh, drumstick and wing parametres (P<0,05). Dark meat chemical analysis confirmed better nutritive value of meat in the experimental group II, with the fact that the observed positive differences of the experimental group were not statistically significant (P>0,05)

Biofortifikacija krmiva mikroelementima u hranidbi domaćih životinja

Continuous growth of human population, combined with the changes in eating habits, calls for an intensification of agricultural production. However, apart from the increase in food production, its nutritional composition is important as well, particularly in terms of microelements. In diets of over two thirds of the world’s population, there is a lack of more than one microelement. Insufficient concentrations of microelements, which are important for proper growth, development and health of humans and domestic animals, can be eliminated with diverse nutrition, microelement supplementation and by increasing the concentration and bioavailability of microelements in feeds used in animal nutrition, or biofortification. By reviewing the literature, the factors that influence the increase in microelement concentration in fodder crops are presented. Agronomic and genetic approach to biofortification is advocated as an immediate strategy to eliminate the lack of microelements most commonly lacking in diets: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), selenium (Se). The nutrition of animals containing biofortified fodder aims to increase the concentration of the aforementioned microelements in blood and improve their growth, development and health. By increasing the concentrations of microelements in tissues and milk of domestic animals, the ultimate goal is to meet the microelement needs in humans.Neprestanim rastom ljudske populacije i promjenom prehrambenih navika ljudi rastu zahtjevi za intenziviranjem poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Međutim, osim rasta proizvodnje hrane važan je i njen nutritivni sastav, osobito u pogledu mikroelemenata. U hrani dvije trećine svjetske populacije ljudi prisutan je nedostatak više od jednoga mikroelementa. Nedostatak mikroelemenata, koji su važni za pravilan rast i razvoj te zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja, može se ukloniti raznovrsnošću hranidbe, dodavanjem mikroelemenata u hranu te povećanjem koncentracije i bioraspoloživosti mikroelemenata u krmivima koja se koriste u hranidbi domaćih životinja, odnosno biofortifikacijom. Pregledom dostupne literature, prikazat će se čimbenici o kojima ovisi povećanje koncentracije mikroelemenata u krmnim kulturama, kao i agronomske te genetske načine biofortifikacije, kojima se nastoji ukloniti nedostatak najčešćih mikroelemenata u hrani: selena, željeza, bakra, cinka i joda. Hranidbom domaćih životinja biofortificiranim krmivima nastoji se povećati koncentracija navedenih mikroelemenata u krvi istih te poboljšati njihov rast, razvoj i zdravlje. Porastom koncentracije mikroelemenata u tkivima i mlijeku domaćih životinja nastoje se zadovoljiti njihove potrebe u ljudi

Analysis of agricultural production in Posavska county – Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Posavska županija je dio entiteta Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Nekada poznato poljoprivredno područje, zbog izravnih posljedica rata, sada se nalazi u vrlo nepovljnom položaju. Podaci pokazuju da područje ove Županije ima veći intenzitet poljoprivredne proizvodnje za 1,9 puta u odnosu na cijelokupnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu i 2,38 puta u odnosu na Federaciju Bosne i Hercegovine. Najveći dio zasijanih ratarskih površina čine kukuruz i pšenica. Međutim, povrtlarstvo sa samo 8 % zasijanih površina čini skoro 40 % ukupnih prihoda u poljoprivredi. Stočarstvo je slabije razvijeno. Ističe se samo peradarska proizvodnja koja je dostigla prijeratnu razinu. Uvođenjem poljoprivredne strategije na razini cjelokupne države Bosne i Hercegovine, Posavska županija postala bi važan državni i regionalni čimbenik u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.Posavska County is a part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Once known for its agricultural production, now it is in a very unfavourable position because of the direct consequences of the war. Data show that of agricultural productions intensity in this County, 1.9 times higher in relation to the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 2.38 times higher in relation to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Corn and wheat are planted on most of agricultural areas. However, vegetable farming on only 8 % of planted areas makes almost 40 % of all income in agriculture. Stockbreeding is less developed. Only poultry farming, which gained the level before war, stands out. Introducing an agricultural strategy at the level of the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Posavska County would become an important state and regional factor in agricultural production

CATTLE BREED INFLUENCE ON DAIRY PRODUCTION RESULTS ON FAMILY FARMS IN VUKOVAR-SRIJEM COUNTY

Na primjeru 40 odabranih obiteljskih gospodarstava Vukovarsko-srijemske županije istražuje se utjecaj pasmine krava na rezultate poslovanja obiteljskih gospodarstava orijentiranih na proizvodnju mlijeka. Primjenom kanonske diskriminacijske analize i računanjem pokazatelja uspješnosti proizvodnje utvrđuje se da genetski potencijal krava za proizvodnju mlijeka na istraživanim gospodarstvima nije dovoljno iskorišten. Također ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između Holstein - Friesian i simentalskih krava u važnijim pokazateljima uspješnosti proizvodnje i uvjetima proizvodnje. Štoviše, na dostignutom stupnju intenzivnosti proizvodnje uvođenje Holstein - Friesian krava je ekonomski neopravdam. Zakonitost, da s povećanjem stada raste mliječnost po kravi a sadržaj masti i bjelančevina ostaje približno isti potvrđena je i na području Vukovarsko-srijemske županije. Utvrđeno je također da s kvantitativnim povećanjem proizvodnje nije ostvaren kvalitativan napredak u organizaciji proizvodnje.The influence of cattle breed on production results was investigated on 40 selected dairy farms in the Vukovar-Srijem county. Applying Canonical Discrimination Analysis and a calculating natural and economic parameters of production it was established that the genetic potential of cows for milk production on the investigated family farms was not utilized sufficiently. Furthermore, there is no distinctly significant difference between Holstein Friesian and Simmental cows in the main parameters of production efficiency and in production, thus on the achieved level of production intensity introduction of Holstein-Friesian cows is economically unjustified. The principle that with the increase of herd the yield of milk increases too, but fat and protein are approximately the same was also confirmed in our investigations. The results obtained show that growth of production is not followed by qualitative improvement in production organization