Posterior shoulder instability: current concepts review

Purpose: Posterior shoulder instability has been difficult to diagnose and even more challenging to manage. However, it is being diagnosed and treated more frequently, particularly after sports injuries. The purpose of this article is to review literature concerning the management of these pathologies. Methods: A literature review was carried out in the main medical databases to evaluate the several studies concerning the open and arthroscopic treatment of posterior shoulder instability. Results: Because of better awareness of the pathology, better technical investigations, and a better understanding of shoulder biomechanics, more and more mechanical factors that can cause posterior instability have been described. Structural abnormalities can be divided into bony abnormalities and soft-tissue abnormalities. Each group can also be divided into abnormalities caused by trauma (macro- or microtrauma) or congenital. These abnormalities can be treated with non-anatomic and anatomic stability procedures. During the last decades, the latter have been described more frequently, most of them arthroscopically. Conclusion: For surgical treatment to be successful, the instability must be attributable to mechanical factors that can be modified by surgery. Because of better knowledge of the pathology, a more specific surgery can be performed. This lesion-specific surgery has improved clinical results compared to non-anatomic stability procedures, particularly when that surgery has been performed arthroscopically

The Apparently Relentless Spread of the Major Decapod Alien Species in the Mediterranean Basin and European Inland Waters

Among the many alien crustacean species so far recorded in the Mediterranean basin are numerous decapods\u2014crayfish, crabs and prawns\u2014that have in common the reputation of being both aggressive and adaptable to various environments. Their entrance to the Mediterranean basin has often been fostered by human actions, such as the transfer of new species for commercial purposes or accidentally, as bycatch or because they were present in discarded ships\u2019 ballast water. Marine alien species enter the Mediterranean basin from two main directions: from the Atlantic and beyond, and from the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal. For freshwaters, the extensive European canal network is an important aid to migration, but human discards are also significant. Protection of native fauna and ecosystems is at best partial. Freshwater ecosystems particularly at risk include lagoons, river estuaries, ponds and marshes, while comparable marine systems are shallow muddy coastal regions, rocky reefs, estuaries/bays and salt marshes. Local communities, principally anglers and people working with aquatic resources, usually are curious at the appearance of a new species and the possibility of establishing a new business is often the first thought. However, freshwater decapod alien species cause major damage to agriculture production, infrastructures, riverbanks, irrigation systems and fish production, leading to consistent economic losses. In particular, they are known to be injurious to plant production, causing increasing losses to agriculture, consuming young seedlings and seeds and causing substantial water losses from field areas. Less information is available for seawater species to date, but their increasing number and growing size of populations requires the attention of the scientific community to evaluate and predict their influence on the marine environment and/or on local fish and bivalve production. Both freshwater and marine alien decapods thus represent a serious threat to native European species and have a negative impact on species richness and habitats. The economic losses caused by these species require reliable and cost-effective options for managing their abundance and if possible for their eradication