Slips of the Tongue: The Facts and a Stratificational Model

Paper by Gary S. Dell and Peter A. Reic

Word predictability blurs the lines between production and comprehension : Evidence from the production effect in memory

Acknowledgements We are grateful to Faith Tan for data collection and speech onset measurements, and to Opal Harshe for data collection. JR was supported by the Dutch Science Foundation (NWO) grant 275-89-032. NWO played no role in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.Peer reviewedPostprin

A Conncetionist Model of Form-related Priming Effects

In contrast to the results of many previous studies, Colombo (1986) has demonstrated that form related priming is sometimes inhibitory. Colombo proposed that inhibition reflects the suppression of lexical items orthographically related to the prime. We suggest, however, that form-related inhibition arises as a result of competition between discrepant prime-target phonemes. During the phonological encoding of the target word, active phonemes from the prime might be mistakenly selected, causing a delay in responding. We present a connectionist model that implements this account, and simulates tiie empirical data. The model is supported by the results of an experiment that distinguishes between the lexical suppression and phonological competition view

Aging and the Effects of Conversation with a Passenger or a Caller on Simulated Driving Performance

A total of 96 pairs of older and younger drivers participated in a study assessing the effects of conversation on the driving performance of older and younger drivers in a simulated city environment. These effects were investigated while drivers conversed with an in-vehicle passenger or an outside-vehicle caller. All of the passengers completed three separate, counterbalanced blocks of tasks that consisted of two single-task blocks (driving only and conversing only) and one dual-task block (driving and conversing). The results showed greater variability in velocity, lane keeping and steering control under single-task than under dual-task conditions. Drivers also showed greater average velocity and greater deviation from the center of the lane under single-task than under dualtask conditions. However, when crossing an intersection, a task requiring greater attentional resources, drivers exhibited a cost due to the dual task. Our data are consistent with the literature, which suggests that a secondary task may aid in the performance of a routinized task but may also impose costs if the primary task requires significant attentional resources. Older drivers exhibited greater variability in velocity, stayed closer to the center of the lane, and waited longer to cross intersections than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they compensate for their declining perceptual and cognitive abilities through changes in driving behavior. Drivers exhibited greater variability in steering under singletask conditions when talking to an outside-vehicle caller, and older drivers showed greater variability in velocity when conversing with an outside-vehicle caller

The Effects of Speech Production and Speech Comprehension on Simulated Driving Performance

We performed two experiments comparing the effects of speechproduction and speech comprehension on simulated driving performance. In bothexperiments, participants completed a speech task and a simulated driving taskunder single- and dual-task conditions, with language materials matched forlinguistic complexity. In Experiment 1, concurrent production and comprehensionresulted in more variable velocity compared to driving alone. Experiment 2replicated these effects in a more difficult simulated driving environment, withparticipants showing larger and more variable headway times when speaking orlistening while driving than when just driving. In both experiments, concurrentproduction yielded better control of lane position relative to single-taskperformance; concurrent comprehension had little impact on control of laneposition. On all other measures, production and comprehension had very similareffects on driving. The results show, in line with previous work, that there aredetrimental consequences for driving of concurrent language use. Our findingsimply that these detrimental consequences may be roughly the same whetherdrivers are producing speech or comprehending i