Focus On Some Cyber Security Topics: Literature Based Study

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks and programs from digital attacks. These cyber attacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes. Globally, there is an explosive growth of internet, with its penetration estimated to be around 3.4 billion users (47% world population). Cyber Security is the practice of preventing cybercrime. Various types of cyber-attacks like phishing attacks, DDoS, password attacks, SQL & ransomware attacks are causing detrimental financial damage to the individual & industry

FOG SCREEN TECHNOLOGY

The technology of immaterial projection systems are in constant development and will be more applicable on the market in the future. Therefore, there is a need for color management to improve the image reproduction on these displays, as they are more complex to manage than normal fixed screens. The FogScreen® projection screen produces a thin curtain of “dry” fog that serves as a translucent projection screen, displaying images floating in the air. This thesis aims to optimize the viewing experience by considering the technical aspect as well as the application aspect in order to reach reliable results, as they both have equal impact on the viewing experience. The technical approach is the characterization of the device in terms of color management and profile generation. Based on the device’s characteristics, we are able to determine how the image projection can be optimized under given viewing conditions and installation settings. Furthermore, the application aspect is approached by designing innovative concepts for Norwegian companies. The concepts include consideration of location, the screen’s functionality and purpose, media content management and business innovation

Crystallization of ApoA1 and ApoE4 Nanolipoprotein Particles and Initial XFEL-Based Structural Studies

Nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs), also called “nanodiscs”, are discoidal particles with a patch of lipid bilayer corralled by apolipoproteins. NLPs have long been of interest due to both their utility as membrane-model systems into which membrane proteins can be inserted and solubilized and their physiological role in lipid and cholesterol transport via high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) maturation, which are important for human health. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is a powerful approach for structural biology of membrane proteins, which are traditionally difficult to crystallize as large single crystals capable of producing high-quality diffraction suitable for structure determination. To facilitate understanding of the specific role of two apolipoprotein/lipid complexes, ApoA1 and ApoE4, in lipid binding and HDL/LDL particle maturation dynamics, and to develop new SFX methods involving NLP membrane protein encapsulation, we have prepared and crystallized homogeneous populations of ApoA1 and ApoE4 NLPs. Crystallization of empty NLPs yields semi-ordered objects that appear crystalline and give highly anisotropic and diffuse X-ray diffraction, similar to fiber diffraction. Several unit cell parameters were approximately determined for both NLPs from these measurements. Thus, low-background, sample conservative methods of delivery are critical. Here we implemented a fixed target sample delivery scheme utilizing the Roadrunner fast-scanning system and ultra-thin polymer/graphene support films, providing a low-volume, low-background approach to membrane protein SFX. This study represents initial steps in obtaining structural information for ApoA1 and ApoE4 NLPs and developing this system as a supporting scaffold for future structural studies of membrane proteins crystalized in a native lipid environment

Gut CD4+ T cell phenotypes are a continuum molded by microbes, not by TH archetypes

CD4 effector lymphocytes (T ) are traditionally classified by the cytokines they produce. To determine the states that T cells actually adopt in frontline tissues in vivo, we applied single-cell transcriptome and chromatin analyses to colonic T cells in germ-free or conventional mice or in mice after challenge with a range of phenotypically biasing microbes. Unexpected subsets were marked by the expression of the interferon (IFN) signature or myeloid-specific transcripts, but transcriptome or chromatin structure could not resolve discrete clusters fitting classic helper T cell (T ) subsets. At baseline or at different times of infection, transcripts encoding cytokines or proteins commonly used as T markers were distributed in a polarized continuum, which was functionally validated. Clones derived from single progenitors gave rise to both IFN-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells. Most of the transcriptional variance was tied to the infecting agent, independent of the cytokines produced, and chromatin variance primarily reflected activities of activator protein (AP)-1 and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor (TF) families, not the canonical subset master regulators T-bet, GATA3 or RORγ. + eff eff eff H