14,989 research outputs found
Long term effects of a mandatory multistage program:the new deal for young people in the UK
The New Deal For Young People is the major welfare-to-work program in the UK. It is amandatory multistage policy targeted at the 18-24 year old unemployed. This paper investi-gates the effectiveness of the program in terms of enhancing the (re)employment probabilityof participant males. I exploit the eligibility rule to identify a suitable counterfactual relyingupon a simple regression discontinuity design. By exploiting such a discontinuity I am ableto non parametrically identify (Hahn et al., 2001) a local average treatment effect (LATE).While relying upon the non parametric local linear regression method I am able to pushforward such a parameter to a \global" dimension, implicitly adding parametric structure.No evidence of possible general equilibrium as well as substitution effects is found by a cohort specific approach (before and after the program). The main result is that the programenhances employability by about 6-7%
Long-term effects of a mandatory multistage program: the New Deal for young people in the UK
The New Deal For Young People is the major welfare-to-work program in the UK. It is a mandatory multistage policy targeted at the 18-24 year old unemployed. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the program in terms of enhancing the (re)employment probability of participant males. I exploit the eligibility rule to identify a suitable counterfactual relying upon a simple regression discontinuity design. By exploiting such a discontinuity I am able to non parametrically identify (Hahn et al., 2001) a local average treatment effect (LATE). While relying upon the non parametric local linear regression method I am able to push forward such a parameter to a "global" dimension, implicitly adding parametric structure. No evidence of possible general equilibrium as well as substitution effects is found by a co- hort specific approach (before and after the program). The main result is that the program enhances employability by about 6-7%.Labour market policy evaluation, regression discontinuity, non parametric
Indirect effects of an aid program: how do liquidity injections affect non-eligibles' consumption?
Aid programs in developing countries are likely to affect both the treated and the non-treated households living in the targeted areas. Studies that focus on the treatment effecton the treated may fail to capture important spillover effects. We exploit the unique designof an aid program's experimental trial to identify its indirect effect on consumption for non-eligible households living in treated areas. We find that this effect is positive, and that itoccurs through changes in the insurance and credit markets: non-eligible households receivemore transfers, and borrow more when hit by a negative idiosyncratic shock, because of theprogram liquidity injection; thus they can reduce their precautionary savings. We also testfor general equilibrium effects in the local labor and goods markets; we find no significantchanges in labor income and prices, while there is a reduction in earnings from sales ofagricultural products, which are now consumed rather than sold. We show that this classof aid programs has important positive externalities; thus their overall effect is larger thanthe effect on the treated. Our results confirm that a key identifying assumption - that thetreatment has no effect on the non-treated - is likely to be violated in similar policy designs. Aid programs in developing countries are likely to affect both the treated and the non-treated households living in the targeted areas. Studies that focus on the treatment effecton the treated may fail to capture important spillover effects. We exploit the unique designof an aid program's experimental trial to identify its indirect effect on consumption for non-eligible households living in treated areas. We find that this effect is positive, and that itoccurs through changes in the insurance and credit markets: non-eligible households receivemore transfers, and borrow more when hit by a negative idiosyncratic shock, because of theprogram liquidity injection; thus they can reduce their precautionary savings. We also testfor general equilibrium effects in the local labor and goods markets; we find no significantchanges in labor income and prices, while there is a reduction in earnings from sales ofagricultural products, which are now consumed rather than sold. We show that this classof aid programs has important positive externalities; thus their overall effect is larger thanthe effect on the treated. Our results confirm that a key identifying assumption - that thetreatment has no effect on the non-treated - is likely to be violated in similar policy designs
Entanglement, BEC, and superfluid-like behavior of two-mode photon systems
A system of two interacting photon modes, without constraints on the photon
number, in the presence of a Kerr nonlinearity, exhibits BEC if the transfer
amplitude is greater than the mode frequency. A symmetry-breaking field (SBF)
can be introduced by taking into account a classical electron current. The
ground state, in the limit of small nonlinearity, becomes a squeezed state, and
thus the modes become entangled. The smaller is the SBF, the greater is
entanglement. Superfluid-like behavior is observed in the study of entanglement
growth from an initial coherent state, since in the short-time range the growth
does not depend on the SBF amplitude, and on the initial state amplitude. On
the other hand, the latter is the only parameter which determines entanglement
in the absence of the SBF
Diversification Preferences in the Theory of Choice
Diversification represents the idea of choosing variety over uniformity.
Within the theory of choice, desirability of diversification is axiomatized as
preference for a convex combination of choices that are equivalently ranked.
This corresponds to the notion of risk aversion when one assumes the
von-Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility model, but the equivalence fails to
hold in other models. This paper studies axiomatizations of the concept of
diversification and their relationship to the related notions of risk aversion
and convex preferences within different choice theoretic models. Implications
of these notions on portfolio choice are discussed. We cover model-independent
diversification preferences, preferences within models of choice under risk,
including expected utility theory and the more general rank-dependent expected
utility theory, as well as models of choice under uncertainty axiomatized via
Choquet expected utility theory. Remarks on interpretations of diversification
preferences within models of behavioral choice are given in the conclusion
Two-spin entanglement induced by electron scattering in nanostructures
We present a model where two magnetic impurities in a discrete tight-binding
ring become entangled because of scattering processes associated to the
injection of a conduction electron. We introduce a weak coupling approximation
that allows us to solve the problem in a analytical way and compare the theory
with the exact numerical results. We obtain the generation of entanglement both
in a deterministic way and in a probabilistic one. The first case is
intrinsically related to the structure of the two-impurity reduced density
matrix, while the second one occurs when a projection on the electron state is
performed
Understanding Social Interactions: Evidence from the Classroom
There is a large literature on social interactions and still little is known about the economic mechanisms leading to the high level of clustering in behavior that is so commonly observed in the data. In this paper we present a model in which agents are allowed to interact according to three distinct mechanisms, and we derive testable implications on the mean and the variance of the outcomes within and across groups. The empirical tests allow us to distinguish which mechanism(s) generates the observed patterns in the data. In our application we study the performance of undergraduate students and we find that social interactions take the form of mutual insurance. Such a result bears crucial policy implications for all those situations in which social interactions are important, from teamwork to class formation in education and co-authorship in academic research.social interactions, peer effects, teamwork
Teleportation on a quantum dot array
We present a model of quantum teleportation protocol based on a double
quantum dot array. The unknown qubit is encoded using a pair of quantum dots,
coupled by tunneling, with one excess electron. It is shown how to create
maximally entangled states with this kind of qubits using an adiabatically
increasing Coulomb repulsion between different pairs. This entangled states are
exploited to perform teleportation again using an adiabatic coupling between
them and the incoming unknown state. Finally, a sudden separation of Bob's
qubit enables a time evolution of Alice's state providing a modified version of
standard Bell measurement. Substituting the four quantum dots entangled state
with a chain of coupled DQD's, a quantum channel with high fidelity arises from
this scheme allowing the transmission over long distances.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Loss aversion with a state-dependent reference point
This study investigates loss aversion when the reference point is a state-dependent random variable. This case describes, for example, a money manager being evaluated relative to a risky benchmark index rather than a fixed target return level. Using a state-dependent structure, prospects are more (less) attractive if they depend positively (negatively) on the reference point. In addition, the structure avoids an inherent aversion to risky prospects and yields no losses when the prospect and the reference point are the same. Related to this, the optimal reference-dependent solution equals the optimal consumption solution (no loss aversion) when the reference point is selected completely endogenously. Given that loss aversion is widespread, we conclude that the reference point generally includes an important exogenously fixed component. For example, the typical investment benchmark index is externally fixed by the investment principal for the duration of the investment mandate. We develop a choice model where adjustment costs cause stickiness relative to an initial exogenous reference point.Reference-dependent preferences, stochastic reference point, loss aversion, disappointment theory, regret theory.
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