Optimasi Kadar Asam dalam Asap Cair dari Kayu Karet dengan RSM = Optimization of Acid Contents in Liquid Smoke from Rubberwood with Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Optimization of production process of liquid smoke from rubber wood carried out by using response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize production of liquid smoke, phenol in liquid smoke. Response surface methodology (RSM) was a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques that were useful for the modeling and analysis of problems in which a response of interest was influenced by several variables and the objective was to optimize this response. Our objectives were to look for optimum condition of production liquid smoke, charcoal, phenol, carbonyl and acid contents in liquid smoke and analyze to component liquid smoke at optimum production. The study was by using use RSM with three variables design as introduced by Box-Behnken. Three variable in this research were: pyrolisis temperature (x), with temperatures of 350 (-1), 400 (0) and 450 (1), pyrolisis times of 60 (-1), 90 (0) and 120 minutes (1) and moisture contents of 10 (-1), 15 (0) and 20 % (1) with 15 runs. The analysis of wood gave the result of cellulose: 45,67 %, hemicellullose: 28,32 % and lygnin :16,69 %. The optimum acid contents was obtained at temperature of 388.24 °C, 91,74 minutes and moisture contents of 15.18 % and acid contents obtained was 16,93 %. Keywords: optimization â liquid smoke â rubber woo

Reliability of fluctuation-induced transport in a Maxwell-demon-type engine

We study the transport properties of an overdamped Brownian particle which is simultaneously in contact with two thermal baths. The first bath is modeled by an additive thermal noise at temperature $T_A$. The second bath is associated with a multiplicative thermal noise at temperature $T_B$. The analytical expressions for the particle velocity and diffusion constant are derived for this system, and the reliability or coherence of transport is analyzed by means of their ratio in terms of a dimensionless P\'{e}clet number. We find that the transport is not very coherent, though one can get significantly higher currents.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure

The British Army, information management and the First World War revolution in military affairs

Information Management (IM) – the systematic ordering, processing and channelling of information within organisations – forms a critical component of modern military command and control systems. As a subject of scholarly enquiry, however, the history of military IM has been relatively poorly served. Employing new and under-utilised archival sources, this article takes the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of the First World War as its case study and assesses the extent to which its IM system contributed to the emergence of the modern battlefield in 1918. It argues that the demands of fighting a modern war resulted in a general, but not universal, improvement in the BEF’s IM techniques, which in turn laid the groundwork, albeit in embryonic form, for the IM systems of modern armies. KEY WORDS: British Army, Information Management, First World War, Revolution in Military Affairs, Adaptatio

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030