Utilização da criocirurgia no tratamento de carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos

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Aspectos ultra-sonográficas modo B, Doppler colorido e Power doppler no carcinoma de células transicionais da bexiga de cães. Estudo de casos

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Peritonite bacteriana espontânea associado a cirrose hepática. Relato de caso

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E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: Decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2009/12827-1]; [2010/08523-4

Towards progressive regulatory approaches for agricultural applications of animal biotechnology.

Traditional breeding techniques, applied incrementally over thousands of years, have yielded huge benefits in the characteristics of agricultural animals. This is a result of significant, measurable changes to the genomes of those animal species and breeds. Genome editing techniques may now be applied to achieve targeted DNA sequence alterations, with the potential to affect traits of interest to production of agricultural animals in just one generation. New opportunities arise to improve characteristics difficult to achieve or not amenable to traditional breeding, including disease resistance, and traits that can improve animal welfare, reduce environmental impact, or mitigate impacts of climate change. Countries and supranational institutions are in the process of defining regulatory approaches for genome edited animals and can benefit from sharing approaches and experiences to institute progressive policies in which regulatory oversight is scaled to the particular level of risk involved. To facilitate information sharing and discussion on animal biotechnology, an international community of researchers, developers, breeders, regulators, and communicators recently held a series of seven virtual workshop sessions on applications of biotechnology for animal agriculture, food and environmental safety assessment, regulatory approaches, and market and consumer acceptance. In this report, we summarize the topics presented in the workshop sessions, as well as discussions coming out of the breakout sessions. This is framed within the context of past and recent scientific and regulatory developments. This is a pivotal moment for determination of regulatory approaches and establishment of trust across the innovation through-chain, from researchers, developers, regulators, breeders, farmers through to consumers

Regulamentação da edição genômica em plantas no Brasil e no mundo.

Aborda de forma detalhada as questões regulatórias que envolvem a edição genômica em diferentes no Brasil e em outros países do mundo

Regulatory framework of genome editing in Brazil and worldwide.

The regulation of the use of products obtained through genome-editing techniques has been the subject of great debate worldwide. Currently, the discussions are mainly focused on whether products obtained by different strategies of site-directed nucleases (SDN) should or not be classified as Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). In the SDN-1 application, the natural DNA cell repair pathway (Non-Homologous End-Joining - NHEJ) is explored to introduce simple random mutations (substitutions, insertions, and deletions) by systems such as CRISPR-Cas, TALENs, or Zinc Fingers Nucleases, which cause silencing of the gene product after breaking DNA (by Double-Strand Break - DSB). In the SDN-2 approach, a template DNA is also used to introduce a change in the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, C, G, T) at the target site where the DSB occurred, exploring another natural repair system directed by a DNA fragment from the same species (Homology-Directed Repair - HDR). In the SDN-3 approach, both NHEJ and HDR can be explored to insert one or more DNA fragments with sequences necessary for the expression of a gene (promoter, coding, and terminator region) at a specific location in the genome. In the following topics, questions related to genome editing regulation in different countries are discussed in detail

Prescribing indicators at primary health care centers within the WHO African region: a systematic analysis (1995-2015)

Abstract Background Rational medicine use is essential to optimize quality of healthcare delivery and resource utilization. We aim to conduct a systematic review of changes in prescribing patterns in the WHO African region and comparison with WHO indicators in two time periods 1995–2005 and 2006–2015. Methods Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Africa-Wide Nipad, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), Google scholar and International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) Bibliography databases to identify primary studies reporting prescribing indicators at primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in Africa. This was supplemented by a manual search of retrieved references. We assessed the quality of studies using a 14-point scoring system modified from the Downs and Black checklist with inclusions of recommendations in the WHO guidelines. Results Forty-three studies conducted in 11 African countries were included in the overall analysis. These studies presented prescribing indicators based on a total 141,323 patient encounters across 572 primary care facilities. The results of prescribing indicators were determined as follows; average number of medicines prescribed per patient encounter = 3.1 (IQR 2.3–4.8), percentage of medicines prescribed by generic name =68.0 % (IQR 55.4–80.3), Percentage of encounters with antibiotic prescribed =46.8 % (IQR 33.7–62.8), percentage of encounters with injection prescribed =25.0 % (IQR 18.7–39.5) and the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential medicines list =88.0 % (IQR 76.3–94.1). Prescribing indicators were generally worse in private compared with public facilities. Analysis of prescribing across two time points 1995–2005 and 2006–2015 showed no consistent trends. Conclusions Prescribing indicators for the African region deviate significantly from the WHO reference targets. Increased collaborative efforts are urgently needed to improve medicine prescribing practices in Africa with the aim of enhancing the optimal utilization of scarce resources and averting negative health consequences