Prevalence of Thyroid Autoimmunity among Type 2 Diabetes Moroccan subjects: A Retrospective study

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing concern in the general Moroccan population and often associated with common endocrine disorders particularly thyroid dysfunction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of T2D and the thyroid autoimmunity (TDI) in Moroccan subjects.A retrospective study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2018. We collected data from 52 diabetic patients and 71 non-diabetic subjects (controls). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxin (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) levels were measured using Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (CT) concentrations were determined using dry chemistry method. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography principle.   Among 52 diabetic subjects, 23 (44.2.8%) were positives for thyroid antibodies.  The TPOAb mean did not differ significantly between diabetic and control individuals  (24.51 ± 8.22 vs. 13.27 ± 3.72, p=0.167). However, regarding the TgAb level a significant difference was observed in T2D (20.32 ± 4.94 vs. 8.51 ± 2.59, p = 0.004) compared to subjects without diabetes. Hypothyroidism was reported in 52 diabetic patients (44.23%) and (50.7%) in non-diabetic subjects. The analysis of multiple logistic regressions indicated that high risk of TDI in diabetic patients   was not related to diabetes, sex, age, or status of dyslipidemia.Our data revealed no significant association between T2D and TDI disorders in Moroccan subjects. However, further studies on a large sample are needed to confirm these findings

Genetic study of sex inversion in humans

Sex reversal is considered to be a form of disorders of sex development or DSD (disorders/Differences of sex development). This is an inconsistency between gonadal, phenotypic and chromosomal sex. Sexual development, including the development of gonads and organs reproduction and the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics, is under genetic control. Indeed, following the bibliographic study carried out in this report, we were able to better understand the pathophysiology of sex reversal, enumerate the associated genetic mutations and identify the signaling pathways affected. In addition, a retrospective study was performed to determine the frequency of sex reversal compared to other categories of DSD. This work focused on a sample of 981 patients with clinical signs indicating the presence of DSD. These patients presented to the Cytogenetics laboratory of the Institut Pasteur in Morocco between the years 2011 and 2021. The karyotype was performed on a heparinized tube according to the standard method. Based on the karyotype results, we found 74 cases of sex inversion corresponding to 7.54%. Abnormal karyotypes accounted for 37.31% with a predominance of Turner syndrome (41.53%), 26.23% of Klinefelter syndrome, 12.3% of patients presented with XY female type sex inversion, 7.92% with sex reversal type XX men and 7.65% had mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Finally, to guide the diagnosis, we established a course of action indicating the genes which are the most incriminated in the two types of sex inversion