Legal pathways towards sustainable blue food systems in the aquaculture sector : Interdisciplinary workshop and roundtable discussion 10 January 2024

The workshop, organized by Mathilde Morel on January 10th 2024, as a part of her PhD project and preparatory work for her PhD midway presentation, aimed to convene experts within the realm of blue food systems with the overarching objective of exploring viable pathways toward sustainability transitions. The reason for this inquiry stems from the escalating recognition that contemporary food systems are increasingly linked to adverse environmental and socioeconomic repercussions, contributing substantially to approximately 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This imperative for change is driven by numerous factors, including the climate crisis, rapid urbanization, evolving dietary preferences, and the expansion of the global population. Consequently, a foundational shift towards food systems characterised by diminished environmental impacts and carbon footprints becomes imperative. Furthermore, aligning with the Agenda 2030, there is an urgent call for expeditious adoption of a more resource-efficient bioeconomy within the world's food systems. Within this context, the integration of sustainable blue food systems, particularly in food producing sectors such as aquaculture, emerges as a critical facet of the solution. Despite the prevailing inclination towards augmenting sea-based food consumption through diverse blue growth strategies, it is crucial to ensure that unsustainable practices inherent in land-based food systems, are not replicated in marine environments. To actualize sustainable blue food systems in the aquaculture sector, the realization of resilient, equitable, and enduring solutions is paramount. The anticipated outcome of this investigative endeavour is rooted in the understanding that the application of legal and regulatory mechanisms can wield substantial influence in the transition process. Such mechanisms are integral to the formulation of comprehensive aquaculture management strategies that strike a judicious balance between safeguarding, rehabilitation, and utilization. The workshop constitutes a key touch base activity and outcome for the project SECURE, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Preparation and X-Ray Structures of Complexes of 18-Membered Crown Ethers with Polyfunctional Guests - Urea and (O-Alkyliso) Uronium Salts

The preparation and X-ray structure determinations of six complexes of urea and (O-n-butyliso)uronium salts with crown ethers are presented. Urea forms isostructural 5:1 adducts with 18-crown-6 (1) and aza-18-crown-6 (2), in which two urea molecules are each hydrogen bonded to two neighbouring hetero atoms of the macroring. The remaining urea molecules form two-dimensional layers alternating with crown ether layers. In both complexes the macroring has theg+g+a ag−a ag−a g−g−a ag+a ag+a conformation withCi symmetry. In the solid 1:1 complex of O-n-butylisouronium picrate with 18-crown-6 (3) two types of conformations of the macroring were observed: theg+g+a ag−a ag+a ag−g−ag−a ag+a conformation with approximateCm symmetry and to a lesser extent theg+g+a ag−a ag+a g+g+a ag−a ag+a conformation with approximateC2 symmetry. Both conformations allow the guest to form three hydrogen bonds to the macrocyclic host. Three complexes of 18-crown-6 and uronium salts have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The 1:1 complexes with uronium nitrate (4) and uronium picrate (5) both exhibit the sameC2 conformation and the same hydrogen bonding scheme as in the least occupied form of the previous complex. A 1:2 complex with uroniump-toluenesulphonate (6) has a different hydrogen bonding scheme (two hydrogen bonds per cation to neighbouring oxygen atoms of the macroring) and a different conformation of the host molecule (theag+a ag−a ag+a ag−a ag+a ag−a conformation with almostD3d symmetry). An attempt to prepare a solid uronium nitrate complex with diaza-18-crown-6 in the same way as the 18-crown-6·uronium nitrate (1:1) complex did not yield the expected result. Instead X-ray analysis revealed that the uronium ion is dissociated, resulting in the nitrate salt of the diprotonated diaza crown ether (7)