The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): The Drivers of the [CII]/TIR Variation

The ratio of the [CII] 158$\,\mu$m emission line over the total infrared emission (TIR) is often used as a proxy for the photoelectric (PE) heating efficiency ($\epsilon_{\rm PE}$) of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons absorbed by dust in the interstellar medium. In the nearby galaxy M31, we measure a strong radial variation of [CII]/TIR that we rule out as being due to an intrinsic variation in $\epsilon_{\rm PE}$. [CII]/TIR fails as a proxy for $\epsilon_{\rm PE}$, because the TIR measures all dust heating, not just the contribution from FUV photons capable of ejecting electrons from dust grains. Using extensive multiwavelength coverage from the FUV to far-infrared (FIR), we infer the attenuated FUV emission ($\rm UV_{att}$), and the total attenuated flux ($\rm TOT_{att}$). We find [CII]/TIR to be strongly correlated with $\rm UV_{att}$/$\rm TOT_{att}$, indicating that, in M31 at least, one of the dominant drivers for [CII]/TIR variation is the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field. We define $\rm{ \epsilon_{PE}^{UV}}$, [CII]/$\rm{ UV_{att}}$ which should be more closely related to the actual PE efficiency, which we find to be essentially constant ($1.85 \pm 0.8 \%$) in all explored fields in M31. This suggests that part of the observed variation of [CII]/TIR in other galaxies is likely due to a change in the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field, caused by a combination of variations in the stellar population, dust opacity and galaxy metallicity, although PE efficiency may also vary across a wider range of environments.Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Influence of Job-Dedicated Social Media on Employer Reputation

The popularity and value of social media sites has stretched beyond its initial social connection purposes; today, they represent critical tools for individual and firm visibility. This paper compares and contrasts institutional theory and signaling theory to investigate (1) whether having a job-dedicated page on social media sites (i.e. Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter) is related to an organization’s employer reputation, and (2) whether it is merely the fact of having a job-dedicated social media page, or actually communicating (i.e. posting, tweeting, etc.) on that page that is related to an organization’s employer reputation. We used data collected from three major social media sites and found that having a job-dedicated LinkedIn page was positively related to employer reputation, whereas having a job-dedicated Facebook or Twitter page was not related to employer reputation. Furthermore, we did not find social media activity to be related to employer reputation

The Borwein brothers, Pi and the AGM

We consider some of Jonathan and Peter Borweins' contributions to the high-precision computation of $\pi$ and the elementary functions, with particular reference to their book "Pi and the AGM" (Wiley, 1987). Here "AGM" is the arithmetic-geometric mean of Gauss and Legendre. Because the AGM converges quadratically, it can be combined with fast multiplication algorithms to give fast algorithms for the $n$-bit computation of $\pi$, and more generally the elementary functions. These algorithms run in almost linear time $O(M(n)\log n)$, where $M(n)$ is the time for $n$-bit multiplication. We outline some of the results and algorithms given in Pi and the AGM, and present some related (but new) results. In particular, we improve the published error bounds for some quadratically and quartically convergent algorithms for $\pi$, such as the Gauss-Legendre algorithm. We show that an iteration of the Borwein-Borwein quartic algorithm for $\pi$ is equivalent to two iterations of the Gauss-Legendre quadratic algorithm for $\pi$, in the sense that they produce exactly the same sequence of approximations to $\pi$ if performed using exact arithmetic.Comment: 24 pages, 6 tables. Changed style file and reformatted algorithms in v

Wavelength conversion of QAM signals in a low loss CMOS compatible spiral waveguide

We demonstrate wavelength conversion of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals, including 32-GBd quadrature phase-shift keying and 10-GBd 16-QAM, in a 50-cm long high index doped glass spiral waveguide. The quality of the generated idlers for up to 20 nm of wavelength shift is sufficient to achieve a BER performance below the hard decision forward error correction threshold BER performance (<3.8 × 103), with an optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty of less than 0.3 dB compared to the original signal. Our results confirm that this is a promising platform for nonlinear optical signal processing, as a result of both very low linear propagation loss (<0.07 dB/cm) and a large material bandgap, which in turn ensures negligible nonlinear loss at telecom wavelengths

Wavelength Conversion of QPSK and 16-QAM Coherent Signals in a CMOS Compatible Spiral Waveguide

<p> We characterize a wavelength converter based on a 50-cm long low-loss spiral Hydex waveguide. A 10-nm FWM bandwidth is shown over which low OSNR penalty (&lt; 0.5dB) wavelength conversion of QPSK and 16-QAM is reported. &copy; OSA 2016.</p

Psychiatric services utilization in completed suicides of a youth centres population

BACKGROUND: From a retrospective study of youth centres (YCs) and coroner's files, we investigated youths' history of medical service utilization who died by suicide. This is the second of two papers on YCs population, the first paper having shown that the rate of psychopathology was higher in the YCs population compared to the general adolescent population. METHODS: From 1995 to 2000, 422 youths, aged 18 years and younger, died as a result of suicide in Quebec. More than one-third received services from YCs at some point. Using the provincial physician payment and hospitalization database, we examined physical and psychiatric service utilization according to time intervals, as well as hospitalization for psychiatric reasons in the individuals' lifetime and in the year preceding suicide. Suicides were matched to living YCs youths for age, sex, and geographic area. YCs controls were then subdivided into two groups based on file information pertaining to the presence or absence of suicidal behavior or ideation. RESULTS: Compared to living YCs youths, suicides had a higher rate of psychiatric service utilization in the week, month, 90 days, and year preceding suicide, as well as higher levels of lifetime hospitalization for psychiatric reasons than controls with or without a history of suicidal behavior or ideation. We found that 28.3% YCs suicides made use of psychiatric services in the year preceding suicide. CONCLUSION: The rate of psychiatric service utilization by YCs youth suicides is substantially inferior to the needs of this population. Our study underscores the need for appropriate recognition of psychiatric and suicidal problems among YCs population by social and psycho-educational professionals. At the same time, it highlights the issues of general practitioners' risk identification, psychiatric referral and treatment. Our findings suggest the need for improved organization and coordination of psychiatric services to ameliorate treatment delivery

Evaluating anthropogenic threats to endangered killer whales to inform effective recovery plans

This is the final version of the article. Available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Understanding cumulative effects of multiple threats is key to guiding effective management to conserve endangered species. The critically endangered, Southern Resident killer whale population of the northeastern Pacific Ocean provides a data-rich case to explore anthropogenic threats on population viability. Primary threats include: limitation of preferred prey, Chinook salmon; anthropogenic noise and disturbance, which reduce foraging efficiency; and high levels of stored contaminants, including PCBs. We constructed a population viability analysis to explore possible demographic trajectories and the relative importance of anthropogenic stressors. The population is fragile, with no growth projected under current conditions, and decline expected if new or increased threats are imposed. Improvements in fecundity and calf survival are needed to reach a conservation objective of 2.3% annual population growth. Prey limitation is the most important factor affecting population growth. However, to meet recovery targets through prey management alone, Chinook abundance would have to be sustained near the highest levels since the 1970s. The most optimistic mitigation of noise and contaminants would make the difference between a declining and increasing population, but would be insufficient to reach recovery targets. Reducing acoustic disturbance by 50% combined with increasing Chinook by 15% would allow the population to reach 2.3% growth

Depression und Suizidalität

Even if the freedom to suicide is part of our human existence, about 90% of all suicides occur in the context of psychiatric disorders and thus in states of limited power of judgment. Depressive disorders represent the most frequent cause for suicides. Thus, optimization of medical care for depressive patients is one of the most promising strategies to prevent suicides. In the context of the `Nuremberg Alliance Against Depression' it came to an obvious reduction of suicidal acts compared to a baseline year and compared to the control region of Wurzburg. The reduction could be reached by a cooperation with GPs, multipliers such as teachers, priests, geriatric caregivers and the media, through intensive public relations work and through support of self help activities. This approach is carried forward within the Germany-wide `Alliance Against Depression' and within the `European Alliance Against Depression' ( EAAD) which is funded by the European Commission. In the last part of the article the suicide- preventive, but also the possible suicide-inducing effect of antidepressants is discussed

Characteristics of suicide attempters with family history of suicide attempt: a retrospective chart review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Family history of suicide attempt is one of the risks of suicide. We aimed at exploring the characteristics of Japanese suicide attempters with and without a family history of suicide attempt.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Suicide attempters admitted to an urban emergency department from 2003 to 2008 were interviewed by two attending psychiatrists on items concerning family history of suicide attempt and other sociodemographic and clinical information. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of a family history of suicide attempt, and differences between the two groups were subsequently analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Out of the 469 suicide attempters, 70 (14.9%) had a family history of suicide attempt. A significantly higher rate of suicide motive connected with family relations (odds ratio 2.21, confidence interval 1.18–4.17, <it>p </it>< .05) as well as a significantly higher rate of deliberate self-harm (odds ratio 2.51, confidence interval 1.38–4.57, <it>p </it>< .05) were observed in patients with a family history of suicide compared to those without such history. No significant differences were observed in other items investigated.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study has revealed the characteristics of suicide attempters with a family history of suicide attempt. Further understanding of the situation of such individuals is expected to lead to better treatment provision and outcomes, and family function might be a suitable focus in their treatment.</p