Synthetic prions with novel strain-specified properties

Prions are infectious proteins that possess multiple self-propagating structures. The information for strains and structural specific barriers appears to be contained exclusively in the folding of the pathological isoform, PrP(Sc). Many recent studies determined that de novo prion strains could be generated in vitro from the structural conversion of recombinant (rec) prion protein (PrP) into amyloidal structures. Our aim was to elucidate the conformational diversity of pathological recPrP amyloids and their biological activities, as well as to gain novel insights in characterizing molecular events involved in mammalian prion conversion and propagation. To this end we generated infectious materials that possess different conformational structures. Our methodology for the prion conversion of recPrP required only purified rec full-length mouse (Mo) PrP and common chemicals. Neither infected brain extracts nor amplified PrP(Sc) were used. Following two different in vitro protocols recMoPrP converted to amyloid fibrils without any seeding factor. Mouse hypothalamic GT1 and neuroblastoma N2a cell lines were infected with these amyloid preparations as fast screening methodology to characterize the infectious materials. Remarkably, a large number of amyloid preparations were able to induce the conformational change of endogenous PrPC to harbor several distinctive proteinase-resistant PrP forms. One such preparation was characterized in vivo habouring a synthetic prion with novel strain specified neuropathological and biochemical properties

Comparative analysis of the relative growth of Uca rapax (Smith) (Crustacea, Ocypodidae) from two mangroves in S\ue3o Paulo, Brazil

A study on the relative growth of two populations of Uca rapax (Smith, 1870) was performed primarily to determine the size at onset sexual maturity. The species was sampled monthly in Itamambuca (23º24'43"S and 45º00'73"W) and Ubatumirim (23º20'17.8"S and 44º53'2.2"W) mangroves. Carapace width (CW) and length (CL), abdomen width (AW), major cheliped propodus length (PL) and height (PH) for each sex, and gonopod length (GL) for males were measured with a calliper (0.01 mm). Allometric analyses were used to estimate size at maturity. The relationships that most precisely indicated the size at onset of sexual maturity were AW vs. CW, for females and PL vs. CW, for males. Males and females are mature, respectively at 15.2 and 12.1 mm CW in samples from Itamambuca and 13.5 and 11.2 mm CW in samples from Ubatumirim mangrove. Positive allometric growth of females abdominal width is likely related to the incubation process, while positively allometry growth of male's cheliped almost certainly relates to reproductive behaviour.<br>O estudo do crescimento relativo foi utilizado para determinar quais dimensões evidenciam melhor a maturidade sexual morfológica de Uca rapax (Smith, 1870). Os caranguejos foram coletados mensalmente nos manguezais de Itamambuca (23º24'43"S e 45º00'73"W) e Ubatumirim (23º20'17,8"S e 44º53'2,2"W), em período de maré baixa. Os caranguejos de ambos os sexos foram mensurados com um paquímetro (0,01 mm) quanto à largura da carapaça (LC), comprimento da carapaça (CC) e largura do abdome (LA). Nos machos mensurou-se ainda o comprimento e altura do própodo do quelípodo maior (CPQ e APQ) e comprimento do gonopódio (CG) e, no caso das fêmeas, comprimento e altura do própodo do quelípodo direito (CPQ e APQ). As análises alométricas foram utilizadas para estimar o tamanho da maturidade sexual morfológica. As relações que melhor evidenciaram o tamanho da maturidade foram LA vs. LC para fêmeas e CPQ vs. LC para machos. Machos e fêmeas estão maduros morfologicamente, respectivamente com 15,2 e 12,1 mm de LC em Itamambuca e 13,5 e 11,2 mm de LC no manguezal do rio Ubatumirim. O crescimento alomético positivo da largura do abdomen de fêmeas está relacionado com o processo de incubação, enquanto a alometria positiva do quelípodo dos machos pode estar relacionada ao comportamento reprodutivo