Estudios trasnculturales en comportamiento organizacional y del consumidor

In this chapter we will offer different perspectives in trying to understand the rules of behaviors between people from different cultures. The first perspective, Individualism-collectivism allows us to better understand why some people prefer to be closely associated with groups while others prefer to be on their own. Social categorization theory, the second approach, helps to understand what motivates people to join groups and how these groups can influence people's behaviors and attitudes. Finally, the dimensions of personality, as described by the five factors of personality, seem to be applicable in all cultures. However the degree to which people in different cultures appreciate these factors is variable and may help to identify attributes within a culture that correlates more positively to certain dimensions of personality as well as identify additional personality characteristics that need to be added to these "universal" descriptors. This article will also show how these theoretical approaches may be used in practical ways.En este artículo se abordarán diferentes perspectivas que buscan comprender las reglas de conducta entre personas provenientes de distintas culturas. La primera perspectiva será la del individualismo/colectivismo, que nos ayudará a entender mejor el por qué algunas personas prefieren relacionarse estrechamente con los grupos mientras que otros/as prefieren estar solos/as. Por su parte, la Teoría de la Categorización Social nos ayuda a comprender qué es lo que motiva a las personas a unirse a grupos y cómo estos grupos pueden influir en los comportamientos y actitudes de las personas. Por último, las dimensiones de personalidad, expresadas en los cinco grandes factores de personalidad, parece ser que se pueden aplicar en todas las culturas. Sin embargo, el grado en el que los individuos pertenecientes a diferentes culturas perciben estos factores varía y esto puede ayudarnos a identificar variables dentro de una cultura que correlacionen de manera más positiva con ciertas dimensiones de personalidad, a la vez que nos ayude a identificar características adicionales que han de ser añadidas a estos descriptores "universales". Se buscará mostrar la aplicación práctica de estos desarrollos teóricos

How ‘bad apples’ spoil the bunch: Faultlines, emotional levers and exclusion in the workplace

Just as a rotten apple makes other apples around it begin to decay, so too can people influence others within their vicinity, particularly in terms of destructive emotions and behaviors. Trevino and Youngblood (1990) adopted the term ‘bad apples’ to describe individuals who engage in unethical behaviors and who also influence others to behave in a similar manner. In this chapter, the ‘bad apple’ metaphor is adopted to describe the employee whose actions and interactions create and maintain destructive faultlines and unethical exclusion behaviors that negatively impact the emotional well-being and effective and ethical performance of the team. In particular, the chapter examines the way in which ‘bad apples’ use destructive emotion management skills through the manipulation of emotional levers of others, what motivates them to do so and the implications it may have on management