Chiral symmetry breaking, color superconductivity and color neutral quark matter: a variational approach

We investigate the vacuum realignment for chiral symmetry breaking and color superconductivity at finite density in Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in a variational method. The treatment allows us to investigate simultaneous formation of condensates in quark antiquark as well as in diquark channels. The methodology involves an explicit construction of a variational ground state and minimisation of the thermodynamic potential. Color and electric charge neutrality conditions are imposed through introduction of appropriate chemical potentials. Color and flavor dependent condensate functions are determined through minimisation of the thermodynamic potential. The equation of state is calculated. Simultaneous existence of a mass gap and superconducting gap is seen in a small window of quark chemical potential within the model when charge neutrality conditions are not imposed. Enforcing color and electric charge neutrality conditions gives rise to existence of gapless superconducting modes depending upon the magnitude of the gap and the difference of the chemical potentials of the condensing quarks.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures,to appear in Phys. Rev.

Generalized Ward identity and gauge invariance of the color-superconducting gap

We derive a generalized Ward identity for color-superconducting quark matter via the functional integral approach. The identity implies the gauge independence of the color-superconducting gap parameter on the quasi-particle mass shell to subleading order in covariant gauge.Comment: 5 pages, 1 Postscript figure, uses Revte

The Average Kinetic Energy of the Superconducting State

Isothermal magnetization curves are plotted as the magnetization times the magnetic induction, $4 \pi M \cdot B$, versus the applied field, H. We show here that this new curve is the average kinetic energy of the superconducting state versus the applied field, for type-II superconductors with a high Ginzburg-Landau parameter $\kappa$. The maximum of $4 \pi M \cdot B$ occurs at a field, $H^{*}$, directly related to the upper critical field, $H_{c2}$, suggesting that $H_{c2}(T)$ may be extracted from such plots even in cases when it is too high for direct measurement. We obtain these plots both theoretically, from the Ginzburg-Landau theory, and experimentally, using a Niobium sample with $T_c = 8.5 K$, and compare them.Comment: 11 pages, 9 postscript figure

Portfolio optimization: An overview of integrated approaches and mathematical programing techniques

Selection of stocks is a challenging task for investors and finance researchers because of the uncertainty of the return. In portfolio selection, the aim is to obtain a proper proportion of assets for getting maximum profit and least risk. The objective of his paper is to provide an overview of the present research in portfolio optimization with respect in mathematical programing techniques. For this purpose, 82 research papers appearing in the scholarly journal have been observed and investigated, and it has been concluding that fuzzy decision theory and goal programming establish the maximum number of mathematical programming techniques generated to solve the portfolio optimization problem

A Brief Review on Phytoconstituents and Ethnopharmacology of Scoparia Dulcis Linn. (Scrophulariaceae)

Scoparia dulcis Linn.(S. dulcis)or sweet broom weed commonly known as Mithipatti and Bana Dhania in Western Orissa, it is also known as ‘GhodaTulsi’in Hindi. The present review attempts to narrate the chemical constituents of S.dulcis and their uses. S.dulcis is rich in flavones, terpenes and steroids. Main chemical constituents such as scoparic acid A-C, scopadulcic acid A and B, scopadulciol, scopadulin and ammelin have been shown to contribute to the observed medicinal effect of the plant. In this review we have composed the structure and functions of those active ingredients with their melting point and other physical properties individually.Some aspects of the several speculated pharmacological properties of S. dulcis have been validated by scientific research, which includes the presence of hypoglycaemic and antitumour promoting compound. It also has antimicrobial and antifungal effects as well as antihyperlipidemic action

Price Spread and Vegetables Marketing in the Hinterlands of Pusa and Tajpur Blocks of Samastipur District of Bihar (India)

The present study aims at assessing price-spread in marketing of important vegetables grown in Pusa Block and Tajpur Block of Samastipur District of Bihar. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 vegetable growers located in 8 villages of the two blocks. It was observed that out of the total marketable surplus of important vegetables, larger share was from cauliflower (37.05per cent) closely followed by brinjal (35.95per cent) and pointed gourd (11.29per cent). Farm size wise analysis of marketable surplus indicated that larger contribution was from small farmers followed by medium and marginal farmers. Post-harvest losses were found to be higher in case of cabbage, cauliflower and brinjal. Four marketing channels were observed in operation (I) Producer   Commission Agent Wholesaler (distant market) Commission agent (distant market)   Retailer (distant market)   Consumer (II) Producer     Commission agent   Retailer Consumer (III) Producer   Commission agent   Consumer (IV). Producer Commission agent (Darbhanga) Retailer (Darbhanga)   Consumer. Channel (IV) is special channel which operate in case of pointed gourd, cauliflower and brinjal only. Of these channels channel-III was found to be more efficient followed by channel-II, channel-IV and channel-I. Higher charges of intermediaries, defective weighing of produce, lack of market place, lack of cold storage were some of the important problems in perception of vegetable growers. Provision of refrigerated vans, creation of cold storage and installation of processing facilities may prove important milestone in increasing income of the vegetable growers.&nbsp

Two lectures on color superconductivity

The first lecture provides an introduction to the physics of color superconductivity in cold dense quark matter. The main color superconducting phases are briefly described and their properties are listed. The second lecture covers recent developments in studies of color superconducting phases in neutral and beta-equilibrated matter. The properties of gapless color superconducting phases are discussed.Comment: 56 pages, 9 figures. Minor corrections and references added. Lectures delivered at the IARD 2004 conference, Saas Fee, Switzerland, June 12 - 19, 2004, and at the Helmholtz International Summer School and Workshop on Hot points in Astrophysics and Cosmology, JINR, Dubna, Russia, August 2 - 13, 200

Antifungal activity of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn. aerial parts

The petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn. (Asclepiadaceae) were studied for in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ruantti, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Trichodermata viride and Trichodermata koningii respectively. The methanolic extract exhibited prominent antifungal activity against all the selected strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was performed by broth dilution method and the zone of inhibition was studied by agar disc diffusion method at concentrations of 2, 5 and 10mg/ml in DMSO. Cotrimazole (25μg/ml) was used as reference control for antifungal studies. Results of MIC study revealed the antifungal activities of the extracts against the tested strains in between concentration ranges 50-400μg/ml. The present study indicates the potential usefulness of L. reticulata aerial parts as antifungal agent

Neural validation of FDBM simulation for a manual activity in RCC construction

The India and other developing countries utilize intensive manual labour in building and infrastructure development. The methods used in these activities are either traditional or designed in a limited way. The present paper aimed to propose improvements in methods of performing these activities by developing a mathematical simulation of data collected while the work was actually being executed in the field. Once the generalized model using all possible parameters developed, the weaknesses of the present method identified and improvement is possible. The main contribution of this paper is to develop the mathematical simulation of formworks placing sub activities in reinforced concrete construction and validate it with the Neural Network prediction. Validation of the Field Data Based Mathematical (FDBM) model is achieved by comparing with the Artificial Neural Network Prediction and found satisfactory

The energy dependence of ptp_t angular correlations inferred from mean-ptp_{t} fluctuation scale dependence in heavy ion collisions at the SPS and RHIC

We present the first study of the energy dependence of $p_t$ angular correlations inferred from event-wise mean transverse momentum fluctuations in heavy ion collisions. We compare our large-acceptance measurements at CM energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV to SPS measurements at 12.3 and 17.3 GeV. $p_t$ angular correlation structure suggests that the principal source of $p_t$ correlations and fluctuations is minijets (minimum-bias parton fragments). We observe a dramatic increase in correlations and fluctuations from SPS to RHIC energies, increasing linearly with $\ln \sqrt{s_{NN}}$ from the onset of observable jet-related fluctuations near 10 GeV.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure