Gonadal development and differentiation of germ cells during larval growth of Cyprinus carpio

Gonadal development and differentiation of germ cells was studied during larval growth of Cyprinus carpio. The larval stages (immature) collected from fish breeding center, at Paithan. The first fish sampled after 15 days of hatching. The anatomical and histological studies have been carried out form fry to fingerling. The gonadal tissue showed its presence at very early stages of life. It is found that the gonadal tissue formation started at early fry stage where they attached to the coelomic wall by means of chord of mesovarium. A correlation has been noticed between the length and weight of fish to the development of gonad. In early stages, the gonad was differentiated with few germ cells. On 4th week the fish was measured 10mm and showed development of gonad stared form anterior region and proceeded in posterior direction. The gonads were filled with large number of somatic cells, few surrounding Cyst cell stained dark blue with Haematoxylin. Further, at fingerling stage the cells were differentiated into male and female germ cells

Effects of plant growth regulators on the carbohydrate accumulation in Simarouba glauca seedlings

A study was conducted to assess the accumulation of carbohydrate in germinating seeds as well as leaves, stem and roots of Simarouba glauca in response to various Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). Field experiment was carried out to investigate effect of foliar application of PGRs like 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid (GA), chlormequat (CCC), salicylic acid (SA), cysteine and methionine with 5 and 20 ppm concentration on carbohydrate content of Simarouba glauca DC whereas Seeds were subjected to 100 ppm solutions of various PGRs, which include GA, 6-BA, CCC, SA, Cysteine, and Methionine. It could be concluded that application of PGRs affect the carbohydrate metabolism or synthesis. Thus, the application of growth regulators in present study will be beneficial for induction of synthesis of primary metabolic products followed by synthesis of secondary metabolites of S. glauca

Influence of Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites of Medicinally Important Oil Yielding Plant Simarouba glauca DC. under Water Stress Conditions

One year old seedlings of Simarouba glauca were subjected to water stress for 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The foliar sprays of 50 ppm salicylic acid (SA) and 10 ppm Putriscine, Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and Abscisic acid (ABA) were applied before and after water stress. It was observed that polyphenols, tannins, alkaloid and flavonoid contents were increased with increasing water stress treatments. Foliar applications of growth regulators ameliorate water stress and exhibits induction of secondary metabolites like coumarins, sterols, xanthoproteins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. It was also noticed that foliar application of SA, GABA, ABA considerably increases all these secondary metabolites which will help to improve the medicinal potential of Simarouba glauca under water stressed condition

Feeding and Growth Patterns in Three Freshwater Fishes from River Godavari in Maharashtra (India)

2865 fresh water fishes i.e. Channa gachua, Labeo kontius and Rasbora daniconius for the period of two years [January 2006 to December 2008] were scanned for the study of growth pattern and feeding habitats.Fishes at fingerling stages, 5cm in length and 3g in weight in R. daniconius, 3cm in length and 2.5 g in weight in C. gachua and 7 cm length and 4.5g in weight in L kontius were collected in the vicinity of river Godavari and reared in laboratory in big [3’x2.5’x2] glass aquarium under ambient conditions for a period of 3 months fishes were fed with suitable food [planktons].In early life stages [fingerling], all fishes were herbivorous and no definite food selectivity was observed. After two months, selection of the food items has been noticed and found continued in their respective feeding habitats.Average feeding rate [0.26%] found in Channa gachua than Labeo kontius [021%] and R. daniconius [0.19%] but on the contrary, average growth rate was more in L .kontius [68%] than C. gachua [49%] and R. daniconius [38%].Isometric growth was found in all fishes attributing to feeding rate, selectivity and food conversion coefficient in each species. The Metric and Meristic measurement helps to establish certain relationship which later on justifies significantly the growth pattern in the fish. Regression values in C. gachua as growth coefficient, r=0.7288 in R. daniconius r = 0.6897 and   r = 0.6789 in L. kontius are statistically significant

Gamma ray interaction studies of organic nonlinear optical materials in the energy range 122 keV–1330 keV

The mass attenuation coefficients (μm) for organic nonlinear optical materials measured at 122–1330 keV photon energies were investigated on the basis of mixture rule and compared with obtained values of WinXCOM program. It is observed that there is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental values of the samples. All samples were irradiated with six radioactive sources such as 57Co, 133Ba, 22Na, 137Cs, 54Mn and 60Co using transmission arrangement. Effective atomic and electron numbers or electron densities (Zeff and Neff), molar extinction coefficient (ε), mass energy absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) and effective atomic energy absorption cross section (σa,en) were determined experimentally and theoretically using the obtained μm values for investigated samples and graphs have been plotted. The graph shows that the variation of all samples decreases with increasing photon energy. Keywords: Mass attenuation coefficients (μm), Effective atomic numbers (Zeff), Effective electron densities (Neff

Shielding behaviour of (20 + x) Bi2O3 – 20BaO–10Na2O–10MgO–(40-x) B2O3: An experimental and Monte Carlo study

In this study, (20 + x) Bi2O3 – 20BaO – 10Na2O – 10MgO – (40-x) B2O3 (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol%) are fabricated by the melt quenching method. The various radiation shielding parameters for the present glasses are determined experimentally using the gamma spectrometric system and Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System-extended (MCNPX). The mass attenuation coefficient and the effective atomic number are found to be dependent on the photon energy, the glass composition and the concentration of Bi2O3. The results reveal that Bi40B20 sample with the maximum amount of Bi2O3 has the lowest MFP and HVL values among all the other samples as well as the other standard shielding glasses. The radiation shielding efficiency also is calculated and the result shows that the present glass samples can highly attenuate low energetic gamma photons, while the capability to attenuate the incident photons is minimized with increasing the photon energy

Physical, structural, optical and gamma radiation shielding properties of borate glasses containing heavy metals (Bi 2 O 3 /MoO 3 )

In an attempt to develop a novel gamma radiation shielding glasses, we prepared borate glasses contains a high concentration of heavy metals like Bi 2 O 3 and MoO 3 with the composition of 20MoO 3 -(80-x)B 2 O 3 -xBi 2 O 3 , were x varied from 30 to 45 mol% using tradition melt-quenching-annealing method. A structural investigation such as XRD and FTIR were characterized to confirm the amorphous structure of the prepared glasses and prove the availability of all chemicals included in these compositions after the melting process. Furthermore, optical studies on these glasses were investigated to prove the transparency of the fabricated glasses. Attenuation characteristics (mass attenuation coefficients, radiation protection efficiency, and half value layer) of the prepared glasses with respect to gamma photons (in the range of 0.356–1.33 MeV) were investigated. The mass attenuation coefficients and radiation protection efficiency results increased with increasing the Bi 2 O 3 content and this improves the attenuation ability for the prepared samples. The radiation protection efficiency also revealed that the glasses have the maximum capability in attenuation gamma photons at 0.356 MeV. The mean free path with the prepared glasses was compared with some concretes which is reported in the literature and with some commercial glasses to assess their potential for use in gamma radiation shielding products

Association of the CYP1B1*3 allele with survival in patients with prostate cancer receiving docetaxel

Using a single nucleotide polymorphism association study in 52 men with prostate cancer receiving docetaxel, we found that individuals carrying two copies of the CYP1B1*3 polymorphic variant had a poor prognosis after docetaxel-based therapies compared with individuals carrying at least one copy of the CYP1B1*1 allele (30.6 versus 12.8 months; P = 0.0004). The association between CYP1B1*3 and response to therapy was not observed in similar subjects receiving non-taxane-based therapy (P = 0.18). The systemic clearance of docetaxel was also unrelated to CYP1B1 genotype status (P = 0.39), indicating that the association of CYP1B1*3 with clinical response is not due to docetaxel metabolism. To explain these results, we hypothesized that an indirect gene-drug interaction was interfering with the primary mechanism of action of docetaxel, tubulin polymerization. We therefore conducted tubulin polymerization experiments with taxanes in the presence or absence of certain CYP1B1 estrogen metabolites, which are known to bind to nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA, that revealed the primary estrogen metabolite of CYP1B1, 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), when oxidized to estradiol-3,4-quinone strongly inhibits tubulin polymerization. The 4-OHE2 is also formed more readily by the protein encoded by the CYP1B1*3 allele, validating further our data in patients. Furthermore, estradiol-3,4-quinone reacted in vitro with docetaxel to form the 4-OHE2-docetaxel adduct. This pilot study provides evidence that CYP1B1*3 may be an important marker for estimating docetaxel efficacy in patients with prostate cancer. This link is likely associated with CYP1B1*3 genotype-dependent estrogen metabolism. Copyrigh