Self-diffusion in dense granular shear flows

Diffusivity is a key quantity in describing velocity fluctuations in granular materials. These fluctuations are the basis of many thermodynamic and hydrodynamic models which aim to provide a statistical description of granular systems. We present experimental results on diffusivity in dense, granular shear in a 2D Couette geometry. We find that self-diffusivities are proportional to the local shear rate with diffusivities along the mean flow approximately twice as large as those in the perpendicular direction. The magnitude of the diffusivity is D \approx \dot\gamma a^2 where a is the particle radius. However, the gradient in shear rate, coupling to the mean flow, and drag at the moving boundary lead to particle displacements that can appear sub- or super-diffusive. In particular, diffusion appears superdiffusive along the mean flow direction due to Taylor dispersion effects and subdiffusive along the perpendicular direction due to the gradient in shear rate. The anisotropic force network leads to an additional anisotropy in the diffusivity that is a property of dense systems with no obvious analog in rapid flows. Specifically, the diffusivity is supressed along the direction of the strong force network. A simple random walk simulation reproduces the key features of the data, such as the apparent superdiffusive and subdiffusive behavior arising from the mean flow, confirming the underlying diffusive motion. The additional anisotropy is not observed in the simulation since the strong force network is not included. Examples of correlated motion, such as transient vortices, and Levy flights are also observed. Although correlated motion creates velocity fields qualitatively different from Brownian motion and can introduce non-diffusive effects, on average the system appears simply diffusive.Comment: 13 pages, 20 figures (accepted to Phys. Rev. E

Measuring Water Transmission Parameters in Vadose Zone Using Ponded Infiltration Techniques

The flow of soil water is characterized by water transmission parameters, field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, matric flux potential and sorptivity. Soil water flow is, in turn, the primary mechanism by which soil contaminants, such as excess plant nutrient, bacteria, viruses, salts, and industrial chemicals are transported. Consequently, knowledge of soil water transmission parameters is essential for understanding, preventing and remediating the contamination of soil water and ground water. This paper describes steady-state and transient methods for obtaining soil water transmission parameters from ponded infiltration under constant head and falling head conditions in surface rings and shallow auger holes. Also discussed are the conditions under which the various methods are most appropriate

Comparação de métodos de campo para determinação da velocidade de infiltração básica

Vários são os métodos utilizados para determinar a velocidade de infiltração básica (VIB) do solo. Todavia, para utilização dos resultados, é importante conhecer como cada método interage com os atributos do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar quatro métodos de determinação da VIB, considerando o tipo de solo sob sistema plantio direto. Foram realizados três experimentos em solos do estado de São Paulo, em Campinas, Campos Novos Paulista e Pindorama, em Latossolo textura argilosa, Latossolo textura média e Argissolo textura arenosa/média, respectivamente. As determinações foram feitas de setembro a novembro de 2000. Utilizaram-se um infiltrômetro de aspersão, um permeâmetro, um infiltrômetro de tensão e um infiltrômetro de pressão para determinação da VIB. Verificou-se que os métodos comportaram-se diferentemente em relação ao tipo de solo, tendo sido os menores valores de VIB determinados com o infiltrômetro de aspersão. Verificou-se que, no infiltrômetro de pressão e no permeâmetro, o movimento de água foi governado pela estrutura do solo e, no infiltrômetro de aspersão, onde é considerado o impacto das gotas de chuva, o processo de infiltração foi regido principalmente pela taxa de cobertura do solo e pelas suas características granulométricas

Hydro-physical characterization of soils under tropical semi-deciduous forest

The study of the hydro-physical behavior in soils using toposequences is of great importance for better understanding the soil, water and vegetation relationships. This study aims to assess the hydro-physical and morphological characterization of soil from a toposequence in Galia, state of São Paulo, Brazil). The plot covers an area of 10.24 ha (320 × 320 m), located in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest. Based on ultra-detailed soil and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect from the soil in the plot was chosen. Five profiles were opened for the morphological description of the soil horizons, and hydro-physical and micromorphological analyses were performed to characterize the soil. Arenic Haplustult, Arenic Haplustalf and Aquertic Haplustalf were the soil types observed in the plot. The superficial horizons had lower density and greater hydraulic conductivity, porosity and water retention in lower tensions than the deeper horizons. In the sub-superficial horizons, greater water retention at higher tensions and lower hydraulic conductivity were observed, due to structure type and greater clay content. The differences observed in the water retention curves between the sandy E and the clay B horizons were mainly due to the size distribution, shape and type of soil pores