Проблема номинации и обозначения в языке и речи: сопоставительный аспект

There is a correlation between the sense of lingual sign (the means of nomination) and the sense of speech sign (the means of designation). The nature of this correlation is in the possibility of using lingual sign for the designation of the referent. It relies on the coincidence of signification and designation features.Между значением языкового знака как средства номинации и значением речевого знака как средства обозначения существует определенная связь. Она заключается в возможности использования языкового знака для речевого обозначения референта и основывается на совпадении сигнификативных и десигнативных признаков

Перевод: фрейм - единица мысли и речи

The peculiarity of this article is the new realizing of a unit of translation concept in the field of translating and interpreting activity. There is an attempt to answer the question: what is to be considered as a unit of translation in general and in the linguistic reason in particular? We introduce our views on the balance between a unit of a thought and a unit of translation when we use the technology of the stereotype interaction. For a translator a unit of a thought as a portion of realized information might be a unit for translation. So, we conclude: a frame of knowledge might be a unit of a thought and a unit of translation simultaneously and consequently.Основная идея статьи - концепция нового понимания единицы перевода в области устной и письменной переводческой деятельности. Осуществляется попытка определить единицу перевода в общем смысловом и лингвистическом смыслах. Технология стереотипных итераций создает баланс речемыслительного процесса. В ситуации переводчика понятая порция информации может быть минимальным объектом перевода. Фрейм как лингвистическое явление одновременно соизмеряет оба аспекта речемыслительного процесса

Invasive aspergillosis in patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units: results of a multicenter study

Objective. To study risk factors, clinical and radiological features and effectiveness of the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in adult patients with COVID-19 (COVID-IA) in intensive care units (ICU). Materials and Methods. A total of 60 patients with COVID-IA treated in ICU (median age 62 years, male – 58%) were included in this multicenter prospective study. The comparison group included 34 patients with COVID-IA outside the ICU (median age 62 years, male – 68%). ECMM/ISHAM 2020 criteria were used for diagnosis of CAPA, and EORTC/MSGERC 2020 criteria were used for evaluation of the treatment efficacy. A case-control study (one patient of the main group per two patients of the control group) was conducted to study risk factors for the development and features of CAPA. The control group included 120 adult COVID-19 patients without IA in the ICU, similar in demographic characteristics and background conditions. The median age of patients in the control group was 63 years, male – 67%. Results. 64% of patients with COVID-IA stayed in the ICU. Risk factors for the COVID-IA development in the ICU: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 3.538 [1.104–11.337], p = 0.02), and prolonged (> 10 days) lymphopenia (OR = 8.770 [4.177–18.415], p = 0.00001). The main location of COVID-IA in the ICU was lungs (98%). Typical clinical signs were fever (97%), cough (92%), severe respiratory failure (72%), ARDS (64%) and haemoptysis (23%). Typical CT features were areas of consolidation (97%), hydrothorax (63%), and foci of destruction (53%). The effective methods of laboratory diagnosis of COVID-IA were test for galactomannan in BAL (62%), culture (33%) and microscopy (22%) of BAL. The main causative agents of COVID-IA are A. fumigatus (61%), A. niger (26%) and A. flavus (4%). The overall 12-week survival rate of patients with COVID-IA in the ICU was 42%, negative predictive factors were severe respiratory failure (27.5% vs 81%, p = 0.003), ARDS (14% vs 69%, p = 0.001), mechanical ventilation (25% vs 60%, p = 0.01), and foci of destruction in the lung tissue on CT scan (23% vs 59%, p = 0.01). Conclusions. IA affects predominantly ICU patients with COVID-19 who have concomitant medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, cancer, and COPD. Risk factors for COVID-IA in ICU patients are prolonged lymphopenia and COPD. The majority of patients with COVID-IA have their lungs affected, but clinical signs of IA are non-specific (fever, cough, progressive respiratory failure). The overall 12-week survival in ICU patients with COVID-IA is low. Prognostic factors of poor outcome in adult ICU patients are severe respiratory failure, ARDS, mechanical ventilation as well as CT signs of lung tissue destruction

Strain specific motility patterns and surface adhesion of virulent and probiotic Escherichia coli

Bacterial motility provides the ability for bacterial dissemination and surface exploration, apart from a choice between surface colonisation and further motion. In this study, we characterised the movement trajectories of pathogenic and probiotic Escherichia coli strains (ATCC43890 and M17, respectively) at the landing stage (i.e., leaving the bulk and approaching the surface) and its correlation with adhesion patterns and efficiency. A poorly motile strain JM109 was used as a control. Using specially designed and manufactured microfluidic chambers, we found that the motion behaviour near surfaces drastically varied between the strains, correlating with adhesion patterns. We consider two bacterial strategies for effective surface colonisation: horizontal and vertical, based on the obtained results. The horizontal strategy demonstrated by the M17 strain is characterised by collective directed movements within the horizontal layer during a relatively long period and non-uniform adhesion patterns, suggesting co-dependence of bacteria in the course of adhesion. The vertical strategy demonstrated by the pathogenic ATCC43890 strain implies the individual movement of bacteria mainly in the vertical direction, a faster transition from bulk to near-surface swimming, and independent bacterial behaviour during adhesion, providing a uniform distribution over the surface. © 2022, The Author(s)

Методические рекомендации Российской некоммерческой общественной организации "Ассоциация анестезиологов-реаниматологов", Межрегиональной общественной организации "Альянс клинических химиотерапевтов и микробиологов", Межрегиональной ассоциации по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии (МАКМАХ), общественной организации "Российский Сепсис Форум" "Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными микроорганизмами"

Introduction. Strains of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial agents are commonly found in medical units throughout most regions of the world, including Russia. This leads to lower antimicrobial therapy efficacy when treating nosocomial infections. In this regard, the timely implementation of adequate antibiotic therapy is of great importance. The objective of the guidelines: To provide summarized information on contemporary approaches to microbiological diagnostics and the assessment of results, as well as the principles of rational use of antimicrobial and antifungal agents, including treatment of infections caused by multiple drug-resistant strains of microorganisms. Subjects and methods. These guidelines are based on published data obtained in the course of randomized trials, as well as information presented in the provisions of international guidelines supported by high-level evidence. The guidelines were prepared by a working group of Russian experts with extensive experience in research and practical work in this area. On October 11, 2019, the final version of the guidelines was reviewed and approved at a joint meeting of the working group and representatives of the public organizations which initiated the development of these guidelines (Association of Anesthesiologists-Intensivists, the Interregional Non-Governmental Organization Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists, the Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (IACMAC), NGO Russian Sepsis Forum). Conclusion. The guidelines reflect an interdisciplinary consensus of approaches to the diagnostics and antibiotic therapy of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms. The provisions set forth should be used to decide on the strategy of empirical and etiotropic therapy of the most severe infections.Введение. В большинстве регионов мира, в том числе и в России, получают широкое распространение штаммы микроорганизмов, характеризующиеся устойчивостью к большинству используемых в медицинских организациях антимикробных препаратов, что закономерно ведет к снижению эффективности антимикробной терапии при лечении нозокомиальных инфекций. В этой связи своевременное назначение адекватной антибактериальной терапии приобретает очень большое значение. Цель рекомендаций: представить в обобщенном виде информацию о современных подходах к микробиологической диагностике и оценке ее результатов, а также о принципах рационального использования антимикробных и противогрибковых препаратов, в том числе при инфекциях, вызванных полирезистентными штаммами микроорганизмов. Материал и методы. В основу положены данные из публикаций, полученные в ходе рандомизированных исследований, а также изложенные в международных клинических рекомендациях в виде положений, имеющих высокую степень доказательности. Рекомендации подготовлены рабочей группой российских экспертов, обладающих большим опытом исследовательской и практической работы в рассматриваемой области. Окончательный вариант рекомендаций был рассмотрен и утвержден 11.10.2019 г. на совместном заседании рабочей группы и представителей общественных организаций - инициаторов разработки Методических рекомендаций (Российская некоммерческая общественная организация «Ассоциация анестезиологов-реаниматологов», Межрегиональная общественная организация «Альянс клинических химиотерапевтов и микробиологов», Межрегиональная ассоциация по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии (МАКМАХ), общественная организация «Российский Сепсис Форум»). Заключение. Рекомендации отражают междисциплинарное консенсусное мнение о подходах к диагностике и антибактериальной терапии инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными микрорганизмами. Изложенные в них положения целесообразно использовать при определении тактики эмпирической и этиотропной терапии наиболее тяжелых инфекций