Waterfowl Harvest by Slave Indians in Northern Alberta

The consumption of waterfowl by a small band of Slave Indians was monitored from May to September of 1966 and 1967 at Habay in northern Alberta. The Indians killed waterfowl by two main methods: with shotguns when birds were on the wing, and with clubs when flightless. In 1966 this food formed the major source of protein for the Indians over the spring-to-fall period; in August they consumed an average of 0.6 of a pound of flesh per day per person. In 1967 the amount fell to about one-quarter of this amount when the band relied more heavily on an alternative food source. The responses shown by Indian hunters to changing waterfowl densities are compared with those shown by predators to changing prey densities

Root‐lesion nematodes of potato: current status of diagnostics, pathogenicity and management

Root‐lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are migratory endoparasites with worldwide economic impact on several important crops including potato, where certain species like P. penetrans, P. neglectus and P. scribneri reduce the yield and quality of potato tubers. Morphological identification of Pratylenchus spp. is challenging, and recent advancements in molecular techniques provide robust and rapid diagnostics to differentiate species without need of specialist skills. However, the fact that molecular diagnostics are not available for all Pratylenchus species means that there are limitations in worldwide application. In general, root‐lesion nematodes are difficult to manage once introduced into agricultural land and damage can be related to pathogenicity and population densities. In addition, root‐lesion nematodes interact with fungi such as V. dahliae, resulting in disease complexes that enhance the damage inflicted on the potato crop. Management interventions are often focused on limiting nematode reproduction before planting crops and include the application of nematicides, and cultural practices such as crop rotation, cover crops, biofumigation, and biological control. Understanding the limitations of the available crop protection strategies is important and there are many gaps for further study. This review discusses the status of the diagnosis, distribution, pathogenicity and management of the main species of root‐lesion nematodes, reported to infect potatoes worldwide, and highlights areas for potential future research

Learning from New Product Development Projects : An Exploratory Study

Knowledge generation is a cornerstone of new product development and post- projectreviews (PPRs) are widely recognized as a facilitator of project-to- project learning.Empirical research on PPRs is sparse and so this paper describes four in-depthexploratory case studies which look at how PPRs are conducted and the learning thatcan result. The results indicate appropriately managed PPRs can make a significantcontribution to knowledge generation and exchange. In addition, the study indicates theurgent need for more research into this important area

Learning from Post-project Reviews : A Cross-Case Analysis

Every new product development (NPD) project should not only deliver a successful new product but also should generate learning for the organization. Postproject reviews (PPRs) are recognized by both practitioners and academics as an appropriate mechanism to stimulate and capture learning in NPD teams. However, relatively few companies use PPRs, and those that do use them often fail to do so effectively. Although they are widely perceived to be a useful tool, empirical research on how PPRs are typically organized and the learning that results is limited. The present article addresses this gap in the extant knowledge and describes five in-depth case studies, which were conducted at leading companies in Germany. A detailed investigation was made of how PPRs are conducted and of the type of learning that can result. Three main sources of data were used for each case: company documentation, in-depth interviews with managers responsible for NPD, and observation of an actual PPR. The different data sources enabled extensive triangulation of data to be conducted and a high degree of reliability and validity to be achieved. The analysis enabled a number of key characteristics of the way PPRs are managed to be identified. Various characteristics of PPRs influence their utility, such as the time at which they take place and the way discussions are moderated. In addition, the data show that participants in the discussions at PPRs often use metaphors and stories, which indicates that PPRs have the potential to generate tacit knowledge. Interestingly, the data also show that there are various different ways in which metaphors and stories appear to stimulate discussions on NPD projects. Based on the cross-case analysis, a wide range of implications are identified. Researchers need to investigate PPRs further to identify how they can generate tacit and explicit knowledge and support project-to-project learning. The generation of tacit knowledge in NPD is a topic that particularly needs further investigation. The research also led to a range of recommendations for practitioners. Companies need to strongly communicate the purpose and value of PPRs, to run them effectively to stimulate the maximum possible learning, and to disseminate the findings widely. PPRs have the potential to create and transfer knowledge amongst NPD professionals, but, as they are seldom currently used, many companies are missing an important opportunity

The first freshwater molluscs from Wrangel Island, Arctic Russia

The first finding of a freshwater snail, Sibirenauta sibiricus (Westerlund, 1877), in one of the lakes on Wrangel Island (north-eastern Russia) is reported. No freshwater mollusc species have hitherto been known from this island. Specimens from the island are morphologically compared with the type series of the species. How aquatic molluscs may have migrated to the Arctic island is briefly discussed