Palaeogeographic Variability and Depositional Environments of the Upper Jurassic Carbonate Rocks of Velika Kapela Mt. (Gorski Kotar Area, Adriatic Carbonate Platform, Croatia)

Synsedimentary tectonics caused significant differentiation of sedimentary environments of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform during the Kimmeridgian. The most important changes have been recorded in W and central Croatia: along the NW part in present day W Istria there was an emergence with bauxite deposits, while along the NE margin of the platform, in the Karlovac area, a former emerged area was submerged. Penecontemporaneously between these areas, in the wider area of Velika Kapela Mt., a shallow intraplatform trough was formed, characterised by deposition of dark mudstones with nodules and thin layers of cherts and thin interbeds of tuffs in the upper part of the succession. Occurrences of planktonic foraminifera, radiolarians, calcisphaeres and rare ammonites indicate the sporadic influence of the open sea. Along the margins of the trough, peri-reefal environments were established, with flourishing developments of different reef-building organisms – hydrozoans, stromatoporoids, corals and bryozoans. Reefs were continuously destroyed, and in this way derived material was reworked and transported towards the trough slopes. An enormous quantity of this material caused progradation towards the deeper central part of the area, which was gradually infilled and narrowed. In the final phase, the trough was completely infilled, and peri-reefal environments gradually disappeared, since they were covered by ooid bars, culminating in the establishment of shallow environments over the entire area. A similar situation was recorded in another contemporaneous, also tectonically formed environment – the Lemes trough, stretching from the vicinity of Bihac in NW Bosnia towards the south into Croatia, into E Lika and N Dalmatia. This trough had direct communication with the open Tethys realm, and thin-bedded and platy limestones with chert and pelagic organisms, including common ammonites, were deposited within it. The Lemes trough was also surrounded by coral–hydrozoan reefs, and it was infilled by the same depositional processes as the neighbouring trough in the area of Velika Kapela Mt., and finally covered by shallow-water deposits. Although both troughs were probably formed by the same tectonic act, and had approximately the same duration – during the Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian – they differ according to their palaeogeographic and facies characteristics. The trough investigated in the Velika Kapela Mt. was isolated, surrounded by shallow-marine platform environments, and had only temporary, indirect contact with the open sea. The Lemes trough had a continuous connection with the open sea, as indicated by the relatively rich assemblages of pelagic organisms, especially ammonites, and is characterised by abundant cherts. However, both troughs are characterised by similar depositional sequences: both are underlain and overlain by shallow-water carbonate deposits, and they represent a consequence of a specific depositional event caused by tectonic deformation (formation of pull-apart basins) within the inner part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform

The Karst Dinarides are Composed of Relics of a Single Mesozoic Platform: Facts and Consequences

Croatian geological literature during the mid nineteen-eighties and nineties was marked by the appearance of a new geotectonic concept of the Dinarides proposing that the recent, very complex structural setting is a direct consequence of a specific palaeogeographic relationship during the Mesozoic, i.e. the proposed existence of two carbonate platforms separated by a long-lasting deep marine area (interplatform trough). Although the idea was very interesting and provoked discussion, resulting in the questioning of formerly established concepts, detailed analysis of available data indicate that the Karst Dinarides (External Dinarides) were formed by the destruction of a single, although morphologically considerably variable shallow water carbonate platform. This platform was in some periods very dynamic because of its palaeogeographic position during the Mesozoic, resulting in many periods of large-scale facies differentiation, especially during the Late Cretaceous. The final disintegration of the platform area culminated in the formation of flysch trough(s) in the latest Cretaceous and Palaeogene and the subsequent uplift of the Dinarides. Recently there have been some misunderstandings resulting from the imprecise use of newly established terms, which are, by circular logic, used to connect recent geotectonic relationships with Mesozoic palaeogeography without adequate material proof. Therefore, the terms Dinaricum and Adriaticum should be redefined and used only for description of the recent tectonic pattern, without implying a palaeogeographic component, since during the Mesozoic they represented a single entity. Additional confusion is added by different names used for the same shallow water carbonate platform. Probably the best, although not the ideal name is the most frequently used one: the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. Its duration may be estimated from the Late Lias to the Late Cretaceous, representing the most important part of a thick carbonate succession in the Karst Dinarides (ranging from Carboniferous to Eocene)

The Karst Dinarides are Composed of Relics of a Single Mesozoic Platform: Facts and Consequences

Croatian geological literature during the mid nineteen-eighties and nineties was marked by the appearance of a new geotectonic concept of the Dinarides proposing that the recent, very complex structural setting is a direct consequence of a specific palaeogeographic relationship during the Mesozoic, i.e. the proposed existence of two carbonate platforms separated by a long-lasting deep marine area (interplatform trough). Although the idea was very interesting and provoked discussion, resulting in the questioning of formerly established concepts, detailed analysis of available data indicate that the Karst Dinarides (External Dinarides) were formed by the destruction of a single, although morphologically considerably variable shallow water carbonate platform. This platform was in some periods very dynamic because of its palaeogeographic position during the Mesozoic, resulting in many periods of large-scale facies differentiation, especially during the Late Cretaceous. The final disintegration of the platform area culminated in the formation of flysch trough(s) in the latest Cretaceous and Palaeogene and the subsequent uplift of the Dinarides. Recently there have been some misunderstandings resulting from the imprecise use of newly established terms, which are, by circular logic, used to connect recent geotectonic relationships with Mesozoic palaeogeography without adequate material proof. Therefore, the terms Dinaricum and Adriaticum should be redefined and used only for description of the recent tectonic pattern, without implying a palaeogeographic component, since during the Mesozoic they represented a single entity. Additional confusion is added by different names used for the same shallow water carbonate platform. Probably the best, although not the ideal name is the most frequently used one: the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. Its duration may be estimated from the Late Lias to the Late Cretaceous, representing the most important part of a thick carbonate succession in the Karst Dinarides (ranging from Carboniferous to Eocene)

The Origin and Importance of the Dolomite-Limestone Breccia Between the Lower and Upper Cretaceous Deposits of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform: An Example from Cicarija Mt. (Istria, Croatia)

On the NE slopes of Cicarija Mt. (N Istria) a 120-150 m thick complex composed of dolomite-limestone breccia crops out between the Lower and Upper Cretaceous deposits. This studied breccia sequence is of post-sedimentary, tectogenic-diagenetic origin. It was formed by polyphase tectonic fracture of the Upper Albian to Lower Cenomanian early- and late-diagenetic dolomite succession with relics of recrystallized limestone, which enabled very important subsequent diagenetic alteration. This included partial dissolution, dedolomitization, recrystallization and calcitization of the fine-grained, crushed dolomite matrix, and centripetal dissolution of dolomite fragments and their cementation by calcite and ferroan calcite cements, as well as the partial collapse of fragments from the roofs of dissolution cavities and limited late-diagenetic silicification (the silica surplus originating from layers of diagenetic quartz from underlying Upper Albian deposits). Such a complex pattern of different events resulted in the high variability of breccia characteristics over relatively small distances, especially near more intensively tectonized zones. The contemporaneous stratigraphic level (Lower to Upper Cretaceous transition) in other parts of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform is also characterised by predominantly late-diagenetic dolomites with relics of limestones (including local occurrences of early-diagenetic dolomites) which are, in more tectonized areas, late-diagenetically altered into tectogenic-diagenetic breccias

Stratigraphy and Tectonic Relationships Along the Senj-Ogulin Profile (Velika Kapela Mt., Croatia)

Twelve lithostratigraphic units, representing a 5 km thick succession, have been determined from the Senj-Ogulin profile through the Velika Kapela Mt. This 45 km long sequence lies approximately normal to the Dinaric strike. Carbonate deposits ranging from the Middle Liassic to the Albian include laterally variable environments during the Kimmeridgian and Lower Tithonian. The deposits were deformed by compressive tectonics during the Tertiary tectonic cycle, and were consequently reshaped by weaker Neotectonic transpression. Therefore structures with the N-S strike, which are different to the common Dinaric strike (NW-SE), are interpreted as a consequence of syngenetic bending during the Tertiary cycle, rather than rotation during the Neotectonic cycle

Kinetic models for supercritical CO2 extraction of oilseeds - a review

Ekstrakcija uljarica superkritičnim fluidima u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća nailazi na sve veće zanimanje u pogledu njene moguće komercijalne primjene. Razlog tome su brojne prednosti superkritične ekstrakcije, u odnosu na klasične ekstrakcijske postupke pomoću organskih otapala, kao i činjenicu da CO2, kao otapalo, ima oznaku GRAS te se smatra potpuno sigurnim za primjenu u proizvodnji i preradi hrane. Superkritična ekstrakcija, na industrijskoj razini, trenutno je usmjerena na dekofeinizaciju kave i čaja, ekstrakciju hmelja, proizvodnju sezamovog ulja te ekstrakciju pojedinih naftnih derivata. Za moguću industrijsku primjenu, ekstrakcije uljarica superkritičnim fluidima, od iznimne je važnosti ispitati primjenjivost odgovarajućih matematičkih modela koji omogućuju prijenos rezultata istraživanja iz laboratorijskog u industrijsko mjerilo. U radu je dan pregled značajnijih matematičkih modela objavljenih u literaturi, koji se koriste za opisivanje kinetike ekstrakcije superkritičnim fluidima.The supercritical fluid extraction of oilseeds is gaining increasing interest in commercial application for the last few decades, most particularly thanks to technical and environmental advantages of supercritical fluid extraction technology compared to current extraction methods with organic solvents. Furthermore, CO2 as a solvent is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). At present moment, supercritical fluid extractions on a commercial scale are limited to decaffeination, production of soluble hops extracts, sesame seed oil production and extraction of certain petroleum products. When considering industrial application, it is essential to test the applicability of the appropriate model for supercritical fluid extraction of oilseeds used for scale up of laboratory data to industrial design purposes. The aim of this paper is to review the most significant kinetic models reported in the literature for supercritical fluid extraction

Impact analysis of different chemical pre-treatments on colour of apple discs during drying process

The main purpose of this study was to compare colour changes of chemically pre-treated dried apple discs. Changes were observed by chromameter in L*a*b* colour model by using Minolta chromameter CR-400 and by image analysis system in RGB colour model. Apple discs variety "Gold Rush" were pre-treated and dried in laboratory tray drier at drying temperature 70 °C and at airflow velocity of 1.5 ms-1. Different chemical pre-treatments were applied on apple discs (dipping in 0.5% ascorbic acid solution; 0.3% L–cysteine solution; 0.1% 4–hexyl resorcinol solution and 1% sodium metabisulphite solution). Mean values of colour parameters, colour changes and correlation coefficients for apple discs were calculated for both colour models. The analysis showed statistically significant influence of pre-treatment method on total colour changes for both chosen colour models of dried apples. Calculated correlation coefficient between colour changes for used models was found to be 0.894. According to colour characteristics the best results were achieved when samples were pre-treated with 0.5% ascorbic acid solution. According to calculated results it was found that image analysis method as well as colorimetric method can be used to observe the colour changes on dried apple discs

Technological Solution for the Sustainability of the Destructive Distillation of Wood in Classic Horizontal Retorts

Charcoal production in retorts involves the pyrolysis i.e. thermal decomposition of wood in the absence of oxygen/air. The by products of this thermo-chemical process are tar, pyroligneous acid and wood gas. Pyroligneous acid can recover in several useful organic products by fraction distillation. However, the modern synthetic ways of their production are more economic, so that distillation of pyroligneous acid becomes irrational and is an abandoned procedure in “Factory of Wood Processing in Belišće”. The factory in full capacity makes about 25 t of pyroligneous acid daily, which is recognised as an environmental pollutant and hence cannot be allowed to escape into streams. Therefore, to continue wood charcoal production it was necessary to dispose of pyroligneous acid in an environmentally friendly manner. Four possible solutions to this problem were proposed. The innovative and acceptable solution found in the partial plant reconstruction that assumes direct combustion of exhaust retort gases instead of their condensation. The reconstruction gave several positive effects: the condensation phase was eliminated; retort gases became the main heating fuel that should provide ample heat for the plant; wastewater and gases are environmental-friendly