6 research outputs found
Carbon balance of a restored and cutover raised bog: implications for restoration and comparison to global trends
Get PDFThe net ecosystem
exchange (NEE) and methane (CH4) flux were measured by chamber
measurements for five distinct ecotypes (areas with unique eco-hydrological
characteristics) at Abbeyleix Bog in the Irish midlands over a 2-year
period. The ecotypes ranged from those with high-quality peat-forming
vegetation to communities indicative of degraded, drained conditions. Three
of these ecotypes were located in an area where peat was extracted by hand
and then abandoned and left to revegetate naturally at least 50 years prior
to the start of the study. Two of the ecotypes were located on an adjacent
raised bog, which although never mined for peat, was impacted by shallow
drainage and then restored (by drain blocking) 6 years prior to the start of
the study. Other major aspects of the carbon (C) balance, including dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and open-water
CO2 evasion, were quantified for a catchment area at the study site
over the same 2-year period. The ecotype average annual ecotype C balance
ranged from a net C sink of -58±60 g C m−2 yr−1,
comparable to studies of intact peatlands, to a substantial C source of +205±80 g C m−2 yr−1, with NEE being the most variable component
of the C balance among the five ecotypes. Ecotype annual CH4 flux ranged from 2.7±1.4 g C-CH4 m−2 yr−1 to 14.2±4.8 g C-CH4 m−2 yr−1. Average annual aquatic C
losses were 14.4 g C m−2 yr−1
with DOC, DIC, and CO2 evasion of 10.4 g C m−2 yr−1,
1.3 g C m−2 yr−1, and 2.7 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively.
A statistically significant negative correlation
was found between the mean annual water table (MAWT) and the plot-scale NEE
but not the global warming potential (GWP). However, a significant negative
correlation was observed between the plot-scale percentage of Sphagnum moss cover and the
GWP, highlighting the importance of regenerating this keystone genus as a
climate change mitigation strategy in peatland restoration. The data from
this study were then compared to the rapidly growing number of peatland C
balance studies across boreal and temperate regions. The trend in NEE and
CH4 flux with respect to MAWT was compared for the five ecotypes in
this study and literature data from degraded/restored/recovering peatlands,
intact peatlands, and bare peat sites.</p
Substance Over Form: A Principle for European Food Information Regulation?
No full textThe question that is addressed in this chapter is whether food fraud can be mitigated using principles, next to or instead of rules. In many ways, principles may be preferred, as they reduce the regulatory burdens and avoid formal compliance while at the same time violating the purpose of food information rules. Food fraud implicates not only a violation of substantive product and/or food processing norms, but also an information violation. With principles fraudulent behaviour can be obstructed, especially what we have depicted as ‘fraud-by-effect’: formal compliance while at the same time misleading the consumer. The adoption of the ‘substance over form’-principle, well-known in financial accounting law and practice, can enrich the tool bag of instruments to protect the consumer
Institutional Pressures and Organizational Characteristics: Implications for Environmental Strategy
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