9 research outputs found

    The Formation and Development Trends of the Consulting Market in Russia

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    In the conditions of rapid growth of service industries and, above all, business services, the importance of advisory services (consulting) is steadily enhancing for the domestic economy and the growth of its competitiveness. The article analyzes the basic processes occurring in the modern Russian market of consulting services, the trends and patterns of its development, including the growing processes of concentration and centralization, the underdevelopment of market institutions, the lack of legislation regulating this market segment, structural defects associated with the excessive income growth of the management consulting. All this allowed us to draw some important conclusions about the unstable and contradictory nature of the development of the domestic market of consulting, the deformation of its structure and the absence of the state policy in the sphere of regulation of the consulting services market, and to develop recommendations for its stabilization, including the improvement of legislation in the field of intellectual property, the expansion and strengthening of the foreign economic positions of the consulting companies in Russia, the efficiency improvement of their participation in the international division of labor. The article is intended for students studying methods of conducting marketing research on the market of consulting services, teachers of the discipline "Marketing in services", "Consulting" as well as for marketing managers and managers of consulting companies elaborating strategies for their development. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s3p18

    ЦитотоксичныС ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°

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    Background. Chaperone proteins nucleolin (NCL, or C23) and nucleophosmin (NPM, or B23) regulate key cell functions. The most tumors are characterized by over-expression of these proteins, especially in cell nuclei and on the сell surface, as NCL. Differential expression of NCL/NPM in tumor and normal cells is the basis of selective cytotoxicity of cationic peptides – expected ligands for these proteins. Objective. Analysis of the interactions between nucleolin and some peptides with high nonspecific toxicity for tumor cells. Materials and methods. The interaction of 4 previously characterized cationic peptides with nucleolin dimer was analyzed by pair molecular docking using Maestro 11 program. Results and conclusion. It is shown that these peptides can associate with receptor nucleolin molecules, forming energy-stable complexes. In the active centre of NCL molecule were found, at least, 7 positions of amino acids, which bind to the tested peptides at a high frequency (43–100 %). This indicates the conservative structure of dimer NCL, its stable binding to peptide ligands and the possibility of design the optimal structure of cationic peptides that induce tumor cell death due to competing binding to the target proteins.Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π¨Π°ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ (NCL, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π‘23) ΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠ½ (NPM, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π’23) Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Для Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° гипСрэкспрСссия этих Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ², особСнно Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ядрах, Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ NCL – Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π° повСрхности ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. Π”ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ экспрСссия NCL/NPM Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… обусловливаСт ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² – ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ² этих Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ². ЦСль исслСдования – Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· взаимодСйствий ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ высокой ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠŸΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ молСкулярного Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π° с использованиСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ Maestro 11 ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ взаимодСйствиС 4 Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эти ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° счСт ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй, образуя энСргСтичСски устойчивыС комплСксы. Π’ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ NCL ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 7 аминокислотных сайтов, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ с высокой частотой (43–100 %) ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с тСстированными ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ структуры Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ NCL, ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ связываниС Π΅Π³ΠΎ с ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ синтСза ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ молСкулярной структурС ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… гибСль ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° счСт ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ связывания с Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-мишСнями.

    ΠœΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎ-гСнСтичСская Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°

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    Background. Ocular melanoma is the most common cancer of adult eye and is represented by two main subtypes of uveal (UM) and conjunctival (CM) melanoma with distinct clinical (frequency, localization, histology) and genomic features. The objective is to compare molecular and genetic characteristics of tumors in patients with melanoma of the eye. Materials and methods. In this study molecular profiling of 78 tumors including 73 UM (choroidea, ciliar body and iris) and 5 Π‘M, was evaluated. DNA was isolated from tumor cells collected by macrodissection of FEPE sections of tumor biopsies using proteinase K. The following genes were studied by Sanger sequencing: GNAQ, GNA11, KIT, BRAF, NRAS. Results. Mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 were found in 81 % (59/73) of UM, in 42 % (31/73) and 38 % (28/73) of cases correspondently. GNAQ mutations were more frequent in primary UM (63 %), while GNA11 mutations dominated in metastatic UM (42 %). There was Π° correlation between frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations and histologic type of UM. GNAQ mutations were identified in 55 % of spindle cell UM, while GNA11 mutations were more frequent in epithelioid cell UM (42 %). There were no differences in frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations in UM of patients of different age (younger and elder 50 years). There was no statistically difference in UM patient outcome with GNAQ or GNA11 mutations. We also detected 3 UM with KIT mutations and 2 UM with BRAF mutations. There was no big difference in frequency of Β«driver mutationsΒ» in UM of choroidea, ciliar body and iris. Molecular profiling of conjunctival melanoma (CM) resembles that of cutaneous melanoma of skin: in 3 (60 %) CM BRAF V600E was identified and in 1 (20 %) – NRAS Q61K. Conclusion. Genetic analysis reveals wide diversity of melanoma of eye and is important for it characterization and treatment.Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. МСланома являСтся Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ распространСнной ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡŽ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π° Ρƒ взрослых ΠΈ прСдставлСна 2 основными Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (УМ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡŠΡŽΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (КМ), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ клиничСским (частота распространСния, локализация, гистология) ΠΈ гСнСтичСским характСристикам. ЦСль исслСдования – ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ молСкулярно-гСнСтичСских особСнностСй ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π‘ использованиСм ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° сСквСнирования ΠΏΠΎ БэнгСру для Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π”ΠΠš, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ послС микродиссСкции срСзов ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… биопсий, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ молСкулярного профиля 78 ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, срСди Π½ΠΈΡ… 73 УМ (Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ, Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΆΠΊΠΈ) ΠΈ 5 КМ. ИсслСдован ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ спСктр ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ: GNAQ, GNA11, KIT, BRAF, NRAS. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠœΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ GNAQ ΠΈ GNA11 выявлСны Π² 81 % (59/73) УМ, соотвСтствСнно Π² 42 % (31/73) ΠΈ 38 % (28/73). Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ УМ Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ присутствовали ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ GNAQ (63 %), Π° Π² мСтастатичСской – GNA11 (42 %). Наблюдались различия Π² распространСнности ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ GNAQ ΠΈ GNA11 Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ УМ. ΠœΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ GNAQ Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… УМ (55 %), Π° GNA11 – Π² эпитСлиоидных УМ (42 %). НС выявлСно Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Π² частотС ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ GNAQ/GNA11 Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ возраста ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅ 50 Π»Π΅Ρ‚), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ выТиваСмости ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² УМ с мутациями GNAQ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ GNA11. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, выявлСны 3 УМ с мутациями KIT ΠΈ 2 УМ с ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ BRAF. Π’ УМ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ, Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΆΠΊΠΈ сущСствСнных Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Π² частотС ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ наблюдалось. ΠœΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒ КМ отличаСтся ΠΎΡ‚ профиля ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ УМ ΠΈ сходСн с Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ для ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ: Π² 3 (60 %) КМ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° мутация BRAF V600E, Π° Π² 1 (20 %) – NRAS Q61K. Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ГСнСтичСский Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎ гСтСрогСнности ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ для характСристики ΠΈ лСчСния заболСвания.

    Cytotoxic cationic peptides as Π° ligands for receptor nucleolin

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    Background. Chaperone proteins nucleolin (NCL, or C23) and nucleophosmin (NPM, or B23) regulate key cell functions. The most tumors are characterized by over-expression of these proteins, especially in cell nuclei and on the сell surface, as NCL. Differential expression of NCL/NPM in tumor and normal cells is the basis of selective cytotoxicity of cationic peptides – expected ligands for these proteins. Objective. Analysis of the interactions between nucleolin and some peptides with high nonspecific toxicity for tumor cells. Materials and methods. The interaction of 4 previously characterized cationic peptides with nucleolin dimer was analyzed by pair molecular docking using Maestro 11 program. Results and conclusion. It is shown that these peptides can associate with receptor nucleolin molecules, forming energy-stable complexes. In the active centre of NCL molecule were found, at least, 7 positions of amino acids, which bind to the tested peptides at a high frequency (43–100 %). This indicates the conservative structure of dimer NCL, its stable binding to peptide ligands and the possibility of design the optimal structure of cationic peptides that induce tumor cell death due to competing binding to the target proteins

    Molecular and genetic diversity in melanoma of eye

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    Background. Ocular melanoma is the most common cancer of adult eye and is represented by two main subtypes of uveal (UM) and conjunctival (CM) melanoma with distinct clinical (frequency, localization, histology) and genomic features. The objective is to compare molecular and genetic characteristics of tumors in patients with melanoma of the eye. Materials and methods. In this study molecular profiling of 78 tumors including 73 UM (choroidea, ciliar body and iris) and 5 Π‘M, was evaluated. DNA was isolated from tumor cells collected by macrodissection of FEPE sections of tumor biopsies using proteinase K. The following genes were studied by Sanger sequencing: GNAQ, GNA11, KIT, BRAF, NRAS. Results. Mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 were found in 81 % (59/73) of UM, in 42 % (31/73) and 38 % (28/73) of cases correspondently. GNAQ mutations were more frequent in primary UM (63 %), while GNA11 mutations dominated in metastatic UM (42 %). There was Π° correlation between frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations and histologic type of UM. GNAQ mutations were identified in 55 % of spindle cell UM, while GNA11 mutations were more frequent in epithelioid cell UM (42 %). There were no differences in frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations in UM of patients of different age (younger and elder 50 years). There was no statistically difference in UM patient outcome with GNAQ or GNA11 mutations. We also detected 3 UM with KIT mutations and 2 UM with BRAF mutations. There was no big difference in frequency of Β«driver mutationsΒ» in UM of choroidea, ciliar body and iris. Molecular profiling of conjunctival melanoma (CM) resembles that of cutaneous melanoma of skin: in 3 (60 %) CM BRAF V600E was identified and in 1 (20 %) – NRAS Q61K. Conclusion. Genetic analysis reveals wide diversity of melanoma of eye and is important for it characterization and treatment

    ΠžΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ экспрСссии Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ мСтастатичСской ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ

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    Leptin is a multifunctional hormone with the activity of cytokines, which regulates critical signaling pathways that can induce cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and tumor growth. Leptin plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, energy exchange, functions of the neuro-endocrine system, including the pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenals, and immune system functions. Recently, some evidences have been appeared concerning the role of leptin in induction of chronic inflammatory processes, autoimmune pathologies, type 2 diabetes and cancer. An elevated blood level of the hormone is considered as a risk factor for different neoplasm developmentObjective. Analysis of the hormone leptin (Lep), the long and short isoforms of its receptor (LepR1 and LepR2) expression in blood, tumor cells and normal skin fibroblasts in the patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma (CM) with various clinico-pathological characteristics for prognostic assessment.Materials and methods. 15 patients with metastatic CM (10 women and 5 men, aged 22 to 67 years with body mass from normal to obese) have been studied. The expression of Lep / LepR in the patient and donor blood sera, tumor and normal skin fibroblasts were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT PCR using total RNAs isolated from pairs of tumor samples and normal tissue.Results. Average level of leptin in the blood of CM patients and in tumor cells exceeds the normal one. Concentration of lepin in female CM patients was higher than in male patients. The expression level of Lep and LepR1 genes (but not LepR2) in tumor cells was relatively higher than in normal skin fibroblasts of these patients, and above the level of GAPDH gene expression. In the female patients with overweight (body mass index = 25,00–29,99 kg/m2 ) there was a trend to higher concentrations of leptin in the blood in comparison of the patients with normal body mass and leptin level in the sera of male CM patients. Earlier revealed relationship between the concentration of leptin in blood and the level of expression of the long isoform of its receptor in tumor cells is confirmed.Π›Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ – ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½ с Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ваТнСйшиС ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, инвазию, Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ рост. Π›Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² рСгуляции ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, энСргСтичСского ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ нСйроэндокринной систСмы, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ·, гипоталамус ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы. Π’ послСднСС врСмя появились Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ хроничСских Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссов, Π°ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π° 2-Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ рассматриваСтся ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ риска Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ЦСль исслСдования – Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· уровня экспрСссии Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° (Lep), Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° (LepR1 ΠΈ LepR2) Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… фибробластах ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… мСтастатичСской ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ (МК) с Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-патологичСскими характСристиками для прогностичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ИсслСдовано 15 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… мСтастатичСской МК (10 ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ 5 ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π² возрастС 22–67 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ с Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ индСксами массы Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° (ИМВ): ΠΎΡ‚ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ Π΄ΠΎ оТирСния). Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡŽ Lep / LepR Π² сывороткС ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… фибробластах ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ донорской ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ опрСдСляли с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° (ELISA) ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ транскрипциСй Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ РНК, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ срСднСм содСрТаниС Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… МК ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ эти ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅, Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ концСнтрация Ρƒ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ с МК Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρƒ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½. Π£Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ экспрСссии Π³Π΅Π½Π° Lep, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ LepR1 (Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ LepR2) Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… оказался ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π² Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… фибробластах ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ этих ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ уровня экспрСссии Π³Π΅Π½Π° GAPDH Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ…. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ массой Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° (ИМВ = 25,00–29,99 ΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ2 ) ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π° тСндСнция ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρƒ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½ с МК этот ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π» ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² сывороткС ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½. ΠŸΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ обнаруТСнная Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ экспрСссии Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ…
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